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This is the first comprehensive book to present, in English, the
multicriteria methodology for decision aiding. In the foreword the
distinctive features and main ideas of the European School of MCDA
are outlined. The twelve chapters are essentially expository in
nature, but scholarly in treatment. Some questions, which are too
often neglected in the literature on decision theory, such as how
is a decision made, who are the actors, what is a decision aiding
model, how to define the set of alternatives, are discussed.
Examples are used throughout the book to illustrate the various
concepts. Ways to model the consequences of each alternative and
building criteria taking into account the inevitable imprecisions,
uncertainties and indeterminations are described and illustrated.
The three classical operational approaches of MCDA: synthesis in
one criterion (including MAUT), synthesis by outranking relations,
interactive local judgements, are studied. This methodology tries
to be a theoretical or intellectual framework directed towards
formulating recommendations for action. The book is addressed to
graduate students, postgraduates and researchers in management
sciences, or operations research or decision analysis, as well as
all scientists who use models and methods for guiding decisions. In
addition all those who, in business and administration, wish to
take part in decision-making through scientific reasoning will be
interested.
"Combinatorial Programming" are two words whose juxtaposition still
strike us as unusual, nevertheless their association in recent
years adequately reflects the preoccupations underlying differing
work fields, and their importance will increase both from
methodology and application view points. To those who like
definitions and consider the function of this book to furnish one
for combinatorial programming, I will simply say that it is precise
ly this which is exclusively treated here and which in the eyes of
the autors is the heart of this branch of applied mathematics. Such
was the initial intention of those who in the spring of 1973
gathered tog ther in Paris to state the work of the Advanced Study
Institute from which this book arises. As young as combinatorial
programming is, it was easy to see that a two week school was
insufficient to cover the subject in an exhaustive manner. Finally
the decision had to be taken to reduce to book form, and to
organise within this particular means of expression, the essential
syntheses and communications. Unfortunately the discussions, the
round tables, and the majority of the case studies could not be
included in this book which is more of a hand-book on the subject.
XIV PREFACE The choice and orientation of the surveys has been
guided by two criteria: the importance of already accomplished
work, and the originality of the survey to be undertaken."
This book develops and applies an analytical approach to deriving
the probability laws of science in general. It is called 'extreme
physical information' or EPI. EPI is an expression of the
imperfection of observation: Owing to random interaction of a
subject with its observer and other possible disturbances, its
measurement contains less Fisher information than does the subject
per se. Moreover, the information loss is an extreme value. An EPI
output may alternatively be viewed as the payoff of a zero-sum game
of information acquisition between the observer and a 'demon' in
subject space. EPI derives, Escher-like, the very probability law
that gave rise to the measurement. In applications, EPI is used to
derive both existing and new analytical relations governing
probability laws of physics, genetics, cancer growth, ecology and
economics. This unified approach will be fascinating to students
and those who seek a new mathematical tool of research.
This book studies interpreting between languages as a discourse
process and as about managing ccommunication between two people who
do not speak a common language. Roy examines the turn exchanges of
a face-to-face interpreted event in order to offer a definition of
interpreted events, describe the process of taking turns with an
interpreter, and account for the role of the interpreter in terms
of the performance in interaction.
This book develops and applies an analytical approach to deriving
the probability laws of science in general. It is called 'extreme
physical information' or EPI. EPI is an expression of the
imperfection of observation: Owing to random interaction of a
subject with its observer and other possible disturbances, its
measurement contains less Fisher information than does the subject
per se. Moreover, the information loss is an extreme value. An EPI
output may alternatively be viewed as the payoff of a zero-sum game
of information acquisition between the observer and a 'demon' in
subject space. EPI derives, Escher-like, the very probability law
that gave rise to the measurement. In applications, EPI is used to
derive both existing and new analytical relations governing
probability laws of physics, genetics, cancer growth, ecology and
economics. This unified approach will be fascinating to students
and those who seek a new mathematical tool of research.
Researchers now understand interpreting as an active process
between two languages and cultures, with social interaction,
sociolinguistics, and discourse analysis as more appropriate
theoretical frameworks. Roy's penetrating new book acts upon these
new insights by presenting six dynamic teaching practices to help
interpreters achieve the highest level of skill. Elizabeth Winston
and Christine Monikowski begin by explaining discourse mapping to
enable students to develop a mental picture of a message's meaning
and the relationships of context, form, and content. Kyra Pollitt
discusses critical discourse analysis, to reveal some of the
cultural influences that shape a speaker's language use. Melanie
Metzger describes preparing role-plays so that students learn to
effectively switch back and forth between languages, manage
features such as overlap, and make relevant contributions to
interaction, such as indicating the source of an utterance. Jeffrey
Davis illustrates the translation skills that form the basis for
teaching consecutive and simultaneous interpreting to help students
understand the intended meaning of the source message, and also the
manner in which listeners understand it. Rico Peterson demonstrates
the use of recall protocols, which can be used to teach
metacognitive skills and to assess the student's sign language
comprehension. Finally, Janice Humphrey details the use of
graduation portfolios, a valuable assessment tool used by the
faculty to determine a student's level of competency. These
imaginative techniques in Innovative Practices promise gains in
sign language interpreting that will benefit teachers, students,
and clients alike.
In this volume, editor Cynthia B. Roy presents a stellar cast of
cognitive linguists, sociolinguists, and discourse analysts to
discover and demonstrate how sign language users make sense of what
is going on within their social and cultural contexts in
face-to-face interactions. In the first chapter, Paul Dudis
presents an innovative perspective on depiction in discourse. Mary
Thumann follows with her observations on constructed dialogue and
constructed action. Jack Hoza delineates the discourse and
politeness functions of hey and well in ASL as examples of
discourse markers in the third chapter.
Laurie Swabey investigates reference in ASL discourse in the
fourth chapter. In Chapter 5, Christopher Stone offers insights on
register related to genre in British Sign Language discourse, and
Daniel Roush addresses in Chapter 6 the "conduit" metaphor in
English and ASL. Jeffrey Davis completes this collection by mapping
out the nature of discourse in Plains Indian Sign Language, a
previously unstudied language. The major thread that ties together
the work of these varying linguists is their common focus on the
forms and functions of sign languages used by people in actual
situations. They each provide new keys to answering how thoughts
expressed in one setting with one term or one utterance may mean
something totally different when expressed in a different setting
with different participants and different purposes.
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