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For much of the 20th century, scientific contacts between the
Soviet Union and western countries were few and far between, and
often super ficial. In earth sciences, ideas and data were slow to
cross the Iron Curtain, and there was considerable mutual mistrust
of diverging scient ific philosophies. In geochemistry, most
western scientists were slow to appreciate the advances being made
in the Soviet Union by os. Korz hinskii, who put the study of ore
genesis on a rigorous thermodynamic basis as early as the 1930s.
Korzhinskii appreciated that the most fun damental requirement for
the application of quantitative models is data on mineral and fluid
behaviour at the elevated pressures and temper atures that occur in
the Earth's crust. He began the work at the Institute of
Experimental Mineralogy (IEM) in 1965, and it became a separate
establishment of the Academy of Sciences in Chernogolovka in 1969.
The aim was to initiate a major programme of high P-T experimental
studies to apply physical chemistry and thermodynamics to resolving
geological problems. For many years, Chernogolovka was a closed
city, and western scient ists were unable to visit the
laboratories, but with the advent of peres troika in 1989, the
first groups of visitors were eagerly welcomed to the IEM. What
they found was an experimental facility on a massive scale, with
300 staff, including 80 researchers and most of the rest pro viding
technical support."
This book represents the proceedings of the 9th written by a very
active group of physicists at Kongsberg seminar, held at the
Norwegian Mining the University of Oslo - physicists interested in
Museum located in the city of Kongsberg about complex systems in
general and geo-like systems 70 km Southwest of Oslo. The Kongsberg
district in particular. is known for numerous Permian vein deposits
of The content of the book is organized into three native silver,
and mining activity in the area lasted major parts following the
introductory chapter. for more than 300 years, finally ceasing in
1957. Chapters 2 to 7 primarily treat the role of fluids The
previous eight Kongsberg seminars were in specific geological
environments, ranging from focused on ore-forming processes and all
of these sedimentary basins (Chapters 2-3) to contact were
organized by Professor Arne Bj0rlykke, now metamorphic/hydrothermal
scenarios (Chapters director of the Norwegian Geological Survey.
4-5) and regional metamorphic settings (Chapters Since
process-orientated research tends to break 6-7). The following four
chapters (8-11) focus down the traditional barriers between the
different on various properties of fluid-rock systems that
geological disciplines, this seminar has always are critical in
controlling flow and transport been a meeting point for people with
a variety through rocks. These include: mineral solubility of
geological backgrounds.
This book represents the proceedings of the 9th written by a very
active group of physicists at Kongsberg seminar, held at the
Norwegian Mining the University of Oslo - physicists interested in
Museum located in the city of Kongsberg about complex systems in
general and geo-like systems 70 km Southwest of Oslo. The Kongsberg
district in particular. is known for numerous Permian vein deposits
of The content of the book is organized into three native silver,
and mining activity in the area lasted major parts following the
introductory chapter. for more than 300 years, finally ceasing in
1957. Chapters 2 to 7 primarily treat the role of fluids The
previous eight Kongsberg seminars were in specific geological
environments, ranging from focused on ore-forming processes and all
of these sedimentary basins (Chapters 2-3) to contact were
organized by Professor Arne Bj0rlykke, now metamorphic/hydrothermal
scenarios (Chapters director of the Norwegian Geological Survey.
4-5) and regional metamorphic settings (Chapters Since
process-orientated research tends to break 6-7). The following four
chapters (8-11) focus down the traditional barriers between the
different on various properties of fluid-rock systems that
geological disciplines, this seminar has always are critical in
controlling flow and transport been a meeting point for people with
a variety through rocks. These include: mineral solubility of
geological backgrounds.
For much of the 20th century, scientific contacts between the
Soviet Union and western countries were few and far between, and
often super ficial. In earth sciences, ideas and data were slow to
cross the Iron Curtain, and there was considerable mutual mistrust
of diverging scient ific philosophies. In geochemistry, most
western scientists were slow to appreciate the advances being made
in the Soviet Union by os. Korz hinskii, who put the study of ore
genesis on a rigorous thermodynamic basis as early as the 1930s.
Korzhinskii appreciated that the most fun damental requirement for
the application of quantitative models is data on mineral and fluid
behaviour at the elevated pressures and temper atures that occur in
the Earth's crust. He began the work at the Institute of
Experimental Mineralogy (IEM) in 1965, and it became a separate
establishment of the Academy of Sciences in Chernogolovka in 1969.
The aim was to initiate a major programme of high P-T experimental
studies to apply physical chemistry and thermodynamics to resolving
geological problems. For many years, Chernogolovka was a closed
city, and western scient ists were unable to visit the
laboratories, but with the advent of peres troika in 1989, the
first groups of visitors were eagerly welcomed to the IEM. What
they found was an experimental facility on a massive scale, with
300 staff, including 80 researchers and most of the rest pro viding
technical support."
The idea for a series of volumes dealing with the 'Landmark Papers'
defining the development of different areas of our science was
discussed at a meeting of the council of the Mineralogical Society
of Great Britain & Ireland in 2002. Council approved the idea
by reasoning "which of us would not be interested in a collection
of papers illustrating the development of a branch of mineralogy?"
This, the third collection of such papers has been selected by
Bernard Evans of the University of Washington. Much of Earth's
crust and arguably parts of its mantle are composed of rock that
has undergone partial to complete textural and mineralogical
reconstitution as a result of changes in conditions imposed on it.
Metamorphic rocks carry a record of surface, shallow and deep
geological events and processes going back to 4 Ga. Early in the
last century, the descriptive science of metamorphic petrography
began a gradual evolution into metamorphic petrology and
petrogenesis much as we know it today. Researchers came to depend
more and more on related sciences, such as thermodynamics,
materials science, mineralogy, tectonophysics, and isotope
geochemistry, to provide a fuller understanding of the facts coming
from the field and the laboratory. Fundamental principles and
procedures from these borrowed sciences helped keep metamorphic
petrology moving and contributed to its endless fascination. The
purpose of this Landmark series is to let students read for
themselves in the original how some of the giants of the field set
down their ideas. Their papers convey something that is not
necessarily obvious in the summaries found in our textbooks, namely
a feeling and respect for the environment of intellectual discourse
in which the early thinkers worked. Many things that we consider
self-evident today were not at that time part of the general
scientific understanding, yet they wrote with admirable clarity and
logic and made the best of what information was available.
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