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As noted in Volume 1, the Yearbook series alternates between a
biennial volume tracing recent theological discussions on topics in
bioethics and a biennial volume tracing recent regional discussions
in bioethics. Volume 2 provides for the first time a comprehensive
single-volume summary of recent international and regional
developments on specific topics in bioethics. To give uniformity to
the discussions all authors were asked to report on the following
topics: new reproductive technologies, abortion, maternal-fetal
conflicts, case of severely disabled newborns, consent of treatment
and experimentation, confidentiality, equitable access to health
care, ethical concerns raised by cost-containment measures,
decisions to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment, active
euthanasia, the definition of death, organ donation and
transplantation. The internationally respected contributors report
on the following 16 areas: the United States, Canada, Latin
America, the United Kingdom and Ireland, France, the Netherlands,
Germany/Austria/Switzerland, Eastern Europe,
Spain/Portugal/Italy/Scandinavia, India, Southeast Asia, China,
Japan, Australia/New Zealand, Council of Europe/EEC. The
commentators draw on three sets of resources: Statutes, legislative
proposals, and regulatory changes that directly influence, or have
implications for, areas of bioethical concern; Case law and court
judgments that shape, either decisively or suggestively, recent
legal interpretations of particular issues of areas in bioethics;
Formal statements of governmentally appointed commissions, advisory
bodies, and representative professional groups, as well as less
formal statements and recommendations of other organisations. In
addition to providing timely summaries of recent developments, the
volume offers rich and useful bibliographical references to a wide
array of documents, many of which would be difficult for readers to
learn about, given the lack of centralized international collection
of such documents. The Yearbook should be widely consulted by all
bioethicists, public policy analysts, lawyers and theologians.
As the field of bioethics has matured, increasing attention is
being paid to how bioethical issues are treated in different moral
and religious traditions and in different parts of the world. It is
often difficult, however, to get accurate information about these
matters. The Bioethics Yearbook Series provides interested parties
with analyses of how such issues as new reproductive techniques,
abortion, maternal-fetal conflicts, care of seriously ill newborns,
consent, confidentiality, equitable access, cost-containment,
withdrawing treatment, active euthanasia, the definition of death,
and organ transplantation are being discussed in these different
traditions and different parts of the world. The first volume, and
every second succeeding volume, will discuss developments in the
Anglican, Baptist, Buddhist, Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Hindu,
Jewish, LDS, Lutheran, Methodist, Muslim, and Presbyterian
Traditions. The second volume, and every second volume succeeding
it, will discuss official governmental and medical society policies
on these topics throughout the world.
principles. A second solution to this problem is to develop a scale
for weighing the significance of the conflicting principles in a
given case and for concluding which action should be adopted
because it is supported by the weightier considerations in that
case. Such a solution seems more realistic than the lexical
ordering approach, but the development of such a scale is a
problematic task. Still other, more complex solutions are possible.
Which is the best solution to this problem of conflicting
principles of bioethics? We need a moral theory to answer that
question. This is the first reason for concluding that the
principles of bioethics are not the true foundations of justified
judgment in bioethics. What is the problem of the unclear scope and
implications of the principles of bioethics and how can an appeal
to moral theory help deal with that problem? The scope of a
bioethical principle is the range of cases in which it applies. The
implications of a bioethical principle are the conclusions to be
derived from that principle in those cases in which it applies. It
is clear from a review of the discussions in bioethics that there
are major unclarities about the scope and implications of each of
the principles. Consider, for example, the principle of autonomy.
This volume developed from and around a series of six lectures
sponsored by Rice University and the University of Texas Medical
Branch at Galveston in the Fall of 1976. Though these lectures on
the concepts of mental health, mental illness and personal
responsibility, and the social treatment of the mentally ill were
given to general audiences in Houston and Galveston, they were
revised and expanded to produce six extensive formal essays by Dan
Brock, Jules Coleman, Joseph Margolis, Michael Moore, Jerome Neu,
and Rolf Sartorius. The five remaining contributions by Daniel
Creson, Corinna Delkeskamp, Edmund Erde, James Speer, and Stephen
Wear were in various ways engendered by the debates occasioned by
the original six lectures. In fact, the majority of the last five
contributions emerged from informal dis. cussions occasioned by the
original lecture series. The result is an interlocking set of
essays that address the law and public policy insofar as they bear
on the treatment of the mentally ill, special atten. tion being
given to the defmition of mental illness, generally and in the law,
to the issues of the bearing of mental incompetence in cases of
criminal and civil liability, and to the issue of involuntary
commitment for the purpose of treatment or for institutional care.
There is as well a critical defense of Thomas Szasz's radical
proposal that mental illnesses are best understood as problems in
living, not as diseases."
B. Andrew Lustig, Baruch A. Brody, and Gerald P. McKenny In this
second volume of the "Altering Nature" project, we situate specific
religious and policy discussions of four broad areas of
biotechnology within the context of our interdisciplinary research
on concepts of nature and the natural in the first volume (Altering
Nature, Concepts of Nature and the Natural in Biotechnology
Debates). In the first volume, we invited five groups of scholars
to explore the diverse conc- tions of nature and the natural that
shape moral judgments about human alterations of nature, as
especially exemplified by recent developments in biotechnology. A
careful reading of such developments reveals that assessments of
them-whether positive or negative-are often informed by different
conceptual interpretations of nature and the natural, with
differing implications for judgments about the app- priateness of
particular alterations of nature. These varying interpretations of
nature and the natural often result from the distinctive
perspectives that characterize va- ous scholarly disciplines.
Therefore, in an effort to explore the variety of meanings that
attend discussions of the concepts of nature and the natural, the
contributors to the first volume of Altering Nature addressed those
concepts from five different disciplinary vantages. A first group
of scholars analyzed a range of religious and spiritual
perspectives on concepts of nature and the natural. Their research
highlighted the thematic, h- torical, and methodological
touchstones in those traditions that shape their persp- tives on
nature.
B. Andrew Lustig, Baruch A. Brody, and Gerald P. McKenny Nearly
every week the general public is treated to an announcement of
another actual or potential "breakthrough" in biotechnology.
Headlines trumpet advances in assisted reproduction, current or
prospective experiments in cloning, and devel- ments in
regenerative medicine, stem cell technologies, and tissue
engineering. Scientific and popular accounts explore the perils and
the possibilities of enhancing human capacities by computer-based,
biomolecular, or mechanical means through advances in artificial
intelligence, genetics, and nanotechnology. Reports abound
concerning ever more sophisticated genetic techniques being
introduced into ag- culture and animal husbandry, as well as
efforts to enhance and protect biodiversity. Given the pace of such
developments, many insightful commentators have proclaimed the 21st
century as the "biotechnology century. " Despite a significant
literature on the morality of these particular advances in
biotechnology, deeper ethical analysis has often been lacking. Our
preliminary review of that literature suggested that current
discussions of normative issues in biotechnology have suffered from
two major deficiencies. First, the discussions have been too often
piecemeal in character, limited to after-the-fact analyses of
particular issues that provoked the debate, and unconnected to
larger concepts and themes. Second, a crucial missing element of
those discussions has been the failure to reflect explicitly on the
diverse disciplinary conceptions of nature and the natural that
shape moral judgments about the legitimacy of specific forms of
research and their applications.
This volume developed from and around a series of six lectures
sponsored by Rice University and the University of Texas Medical
Branch at Galveston in the Fall of 1976. Though these lectures on
the concepts of mental health, mental illness and personal
responsibility, and the social treatment of the mentally ill were
given to general audiences in Houston and Galveston, they were
revised and expanded to produce six extensive formal essays by Dan
Brock, Jules Coleman, Joseph Margolis, Michael Moore, Jerome Neu,
and Rolf Sartorius. The five remaining contributions by Daniel
Creson, Corinna Delkeskamp, Edmund Erde, James Speer, and Stephen
Wear were in various ways engendered by the debates occasioned by
the original six lectures. In fact, the majority of the last five
contributions emerged from informal dis. cussions occasioned by the
original lecture series. The result is an interlocking set of
essays that address the law and public policy insofar as they bear
on the treatment of the mentally ill, special atten. tion being
given to the defmition of mental illness, generally and in the law,
to the issues of the bearing of mental incompetence in cases of
criminal and civil liability, and to the issue of involuntary
commitment for the purpose of treatment or for institutional care.
There is as well a critical defense of Thomas Szasz's radical
proposal that mental illnesses are best understood as problems in
living, not as diseases."
As the field of bioethics has matured, increasing attention is
being paid to how bioethical issues are treated in different moral
and religious traditions and in different parts of the world. It is
often difficult, however, to get accurate information about these
matters. The Bioethics Yearbook Series provides interested parties
with analyses of how such issues as new reproductive techniques,
abortion, maternal-fetal conflicts, care of seriously ill newborns,
consent, confidentiality, equitable access, cost-containment,
withdrawing treatment, active euthanasia, the definition of death,
and organ transplantation are being discussed in these different
traditions and different parts of the world. The first volume, and
every second succeeding volume, will discuss developments in the
Anglican, Baptist, Buddhist, Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Hindu,
Jewish, LDS, Lutheran, Methodist, Muslim, and Presbyterian
Traditions. The second volume, and every second volume succeeding
it, will discuss official governmental and medical society policies
on these topics throughout the world.
As the field of bioethics has matured, increasing attention is
being paid to how bioethical issues are treated in different moral
and religious traditions and in different regions of the world. It
is often difficult, however, to obtain accurate information about
these matters. The Bioethics Yearbook series provides interested
parties with analyses of how such issues as new reproductive
techniques, abortion, maternal-fetal conflicts, care of seriously
ill newborns, consent, confidentiality, equitable access,
cost-containment, withholding and withdrawing treatment, active
euthanasia, the definition of death, and organ transplantation are
being discussed in different religious traditions and regions.
Volume Three discusses theological developments from 1990--1992 in
Anglican, Baptist, Buddhist, Catholic, Continental Protestant,
Eastern Orthodox, Hindu, Jewish, Latter-Day Saint, Lutheran,
Methodist, Muslim, and Presbyterian traditions. Volume Four will
continue coverage of official governmental and medical society
policies on these topics throughout the world.
principles. A second solution to this problem is to develop a scale
for weighing the significance of the conflicting principles in a
given case and for concluding which action should be adopted
because it is supported by the weightier considerations in that
case. Such a solution seems more realistic than the lexical
ordering approach, but the development of such a scale is a
problematic task. Still other, more complex solutions are possible.
Which is the best solution to this problem of conflicting
principles of bioethics? We need a moral theory to answer that
question. This is the first reason for concluding that the
principles of bioethics are not the true foundations of justified
judgment in bioethics. What is the problem of the unclear scope and
implications of the principles of bioethics and how can an appeal
to moral theory help deal with that problem? The scope of a
bioethical principle is the range of cases in which it applies. The
implications of a bioethical principle are the conclusions to be
derived from that principle in those cases in which it applies. It
is clear from a review of the discussions in bioethics that there
are major unclarities about the scope and implications of each of
the principles. Consider, for example, the principle of autonomy.
B. Andrew Lustig, Baruch A. Brody, and Gerald P. McKenny Nearly
every week the general public is treated to an announcement of
another actual or potential "breakthrough" in biotechnology.
Headlines trumpet advances in assisted reproduction, current or
prospective experiments in cloning, and devel- ments in
regenerative medicine, stem cell technologies, and tissue
engineering. Scientific and popular accounts explore the perils and
the possibilities of enhancing human capacities by computer-based,
biomolecular, or mechanical means through advances in artificial
intelligence, genetics, and nanotechnology. Reports abound
concerning ever more sophisticated genetic techniques being
introduced into ag- culture and animal husbandry, as well as
efforts to enhance and protect biodiversity. Given the pace of such
developments, many insightful commentators have proclaimed the 21st
century as the "biotechnology century. " Despite a significant
literature on the morality of these particular advances in
biotechnology, deeper ethical analysis has often been lacking. Our
preliminary review of that literature suggested that current
discussions of normative issues in biotechnology have suffered from
two major deficiencies. First, the discussions have been too often
piecemeal in character, limited to after-the-fact analyses of
particular issues that provoked the debate, and unconnected to
larger concepts and themes. Second, a crucial missing element of
those discussions has been the failure to reflect explicitly on the
diverse disciplinary conceptions of nature and the natural that
shape moral judgments about the legitimacy of specific forms of
research and their applications.
B. Andrew Lustig, Baruch A. Brody, and Gerald P. McKenny In this
second volume of the "Altering Nature" project, we situate specific
religious and policy discussions of four broad areas of
biotechnology within the context of our interdisciplinary research
on concepts of nature and the natural in the first volume (Altering
Nature, Concepts of Nature and the Natural in Biotechnology
Debates). In the first volume, we invited five groups of scholars
to explore the diverse conc- tions of nature and the natural that
shape moral judgments about human alterations of nature, as
especially exemplified by recent developments in biotechnology. A
careful reading of such developments reveals that assessments of
them-whether positive or negative-are often informed by different
conceptual interpretations of nature and the natural, with
differing implications for judgments about the app- priateness of
particular alterations of nature. These varying interpretations of
nature and the natural often result from the distinctive
perspectives that characterize va- ous scholarly disciplines.
Therefore, in an effort to explore the variety of meanings that
attend discussions of the concepts of nature and the natural, the
contributors to the first volume of Altering Nature addressed those
concepts from five different disciplinary vantages. A first group
of scholars analyzed a range of religious and spiritual
perspectives on concepts of nature and the natural. Their research
highlighted the thematic, h- torical, and methodological
touchstones in those traditions that shape their persp- tives on
nature.
As noted in Volume 1, the Yearbook series alternates between a
biennial volume tracing recent theological discussions on topics in
bioethics and a biennial volume tracing recent regional discussions
in bioethics. Volume 2 provides for the first time a comprehensive
single-volume summary of recent international and regional
developments on specific topics in bioethics. To give uniformity to
the discussions all authors were asked to report on the following
topics: new reproductive technologies, abortion, maternal-fetal
conflicts, case of severely disabled newborns, consent of treatment
and experimentation, confidentiality, equitable access to health
care, ethical concerns raised by cost-containment measures,
decisions to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment, active
euthanasia, the definition of death, organ donation and
transplantation. The internationally respected contributors report
on the following 16 areas: the United States, Canada, Latin
America, the United Kingdom and Ireland, France, the Netherlands,
Germany/Austria/Switzerland, Eastern Europe,
Spain/Portugal/Italy/Scandinavia, India, Southeast Asia, China,
Japan, Australia/New Zealand, Council of Europe/EEC. The
commentators draw on three sets of resources: Statutes, legislative
proposals, and regulatory changes that directly influence, or have
implications for, areas of bioethical concern; Case law and court
judgments that shape, either decisively or suggestively, recent
legal interpretations of particular issues of areas in bioethics;
Formal statements of governmentally appointed commissions, advisory
bodies, and representative professional groups, as well as less
formal statements and recommendations of other organisations. In
addition to providing timely summaries of recent developments, the
volume offers rich and useful bibliographical references to a wide
array of documents, many of which would be difficult for readers to
learn about, given the lack of centralized international collection
of such documents. The Yearbook should be widely consulted by all
bioethicists, public policy analysts, lawyers and theologians.
"Ethik und Affentliches Gesundheitswesen" wendet sich an alle
mA1/4ndigen und an der Struktur und Ethik des Affentlichen
Gesundheitswesens interessierten BA1/4rger, vor allem aber an
Mediziner und Medizinpolitiker, GesundheitsAkonomen, Philosophen,
Ethiker und Politiker und an die Vertreter der VerbAnde im
Gesundheitswesen. Die BeitrAge dieses Buches leisten einen Beitrag
zur aktuellen Diskussion A1/4ber die Kostenexplosion im
Gesundheitswesen und seine notwendige Reform. Die ethischen Aspekte
der PatientenmA1/4ndigkeit und der VorzA1/4ge einer
marktwirtschaftlichen Reform werden besonders herausgestellt. Durch
einen Vergleich mit den Gesundheitssystemen der USA, der UdSSR,
Frankreichs und Englands gewinnt die gegenwArtige Diskussion in der
Bundesrepublik an Konturen.
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