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Various endogenous and environmental challenges of homoiostasis
have resulted in the evolution of apparently quite different
mechanisms for the same or similar functions in individual
representatives of the animal kingdom. One of the prominent
achievements of comparative physiology over the last few decades
has been the description of regula- tory features common to many
studied species beyond the extreme diversity of their morphological
forms. Delineation offunctional princi- ples universally applicable
to the physiology and biochemistry of living systems became often
possible through technical advances in the devel- opment of
numerous new techniques, in many cases modified and adopted from
other fields of science, but also by approaching certain problems
using multifactorial analysis. The advance in technology has
facilitated studies of minute functional details of mechanisms,
which finally lead to better understanding of generally similar
functions, covered by the multiple developments of Nature as a
response to an extreme variety of different conditions. Improved
understanding of specific mechanisms, however, has presented new
problems at the level of system integration. The importance of the
integrative aspect became particularly apparent during an
international symposium on 'Mecha- nisms of Systemic Regulation in
Lower Vertebrates: Respiration, Circu- lation, Ion Transfer and
Metabolism' (organized in 1990 by Norbert Heisler and Johannes
Piiper at the Max-Planck-Institut fUr experimen- telle Medizin at
Gottingen/Germany).
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