The incredible achievements of the Classic lowland Maya civilization and the subsequent disappearance of that culture have stimulated one of the greatest controversies of modern prehistory. A central element in the controversy is the role of the tropical forest lands in Maya agriculture and subsistence, and the purpose of this study is to identify

The Anthropocene is an authoritative desk-top reference work for students of geography, the environment and sustainability. Through a series of 101 interconnected questions and answers spanning ten thematic sections, the book provides a comprehensive survey of humankind's impact on the global environment from the Late Stone Age to the present day. Unrivalled in scope, the book distills the latest research findings and scholarship across a remarkable range of topics concerning the evolving human-environment relationship. These include the broad history of human-induced changes in the environmental conditions of the planet; the major human impacts on the Earth and their consequences; and the different causes and rationales applied to understanding these environmental changes. All questions are answered succinctly and rigorously and draw on a wealth of contemporary evidence and scientific theories. The book is colour illustrated throughout, answers are fully cross-referenced and further readings are suggested for those wishing to delve deeper. For anyone seeking to understand the human-induced changes to our planet and the challenges these pose for sustainability, this book is an invaluable resource. It provides a masterly presentation of the human footprint on the Earth system.

My interest in ancient Maya agriculture began late in the year of 1971 when William M. Denevan encouraged me to pursue the topic. Our interests had been perked by reports from Joseph W. Ball, JaCk Eaton, and Irwin Rovner of the presence of terrace-like features throughout the Rio Bee region of the soutnern Yucatan Peninsula. Denevan maintained a long-term interest in pre-Hispanic agriculture and population in the New World. Our studies with the emerging Rio Bee research group at the University of Wisconsin led to the conclusion that the then dominant themes of Maya agriculture were in need of reevaluation and that a number of remains of intensive forms of agriculture were likely to be found in the Central Maya lowlands of Mexico, Peten (Guatemala), and Belize, particularly wetland or raised fields in addition to the reported terraces. Our interests were heightened at this time by notification from Alfred Siemens of the finds of wetland fields in the vicinity of the Rio Bee region in the Chetumal, Mexico-northern Belize area.

Legumes have taken an important place as a commercial crop in Texas. Their soil-building qualities have long been recognized, and the production of legume seed became a growing business. In addition, considerable interest arose as to the possibility of breeding and selection of native legumes for the development of suitable types to occupy the thousands of miles of rangeland in the southwestern United States. While much experimental work went into the production of exotic cultivated crops such as clover, alfalfa, and vetch, when this book was published in 1959, practically nothing was known about the potential value and volume of crop for native Texas legumes. This is a scientific book-a book of interest primarily to professional workers in the field of taxonomy and agronomy-but its use as a guide to potential crop and rangeland legumes should prove of importance to many people who have no primary interest in systematics. It includes a treatment of both native and introduced Texas legumes, with keys to species, ecological notes, flowering dates, common names, and synonymy. Distribution of taxa is shown by dot maps and, when appropriate, extra-limital observations are added. Chromosome numbers are given for those species for which counts were available. This information includes unpublished data for approximately 50 taxa; in addition, comments as to the agronomic potential of certain native legumes are presented. The introduction includes an original account of the major floristic provinces of the state based on correlated distributions of the legume species. Altogether the text treats 391 legume taxa, 347 of which are native.

Among Mesoamericanists, the agricultural basis of the ancient Maya civilization of the Yucatan Peninsula has been an important topic of research—and controversy. Interest in the agricultural system of the Maya greatly increased as new discoveries showed that the lowland Maya were not limited to slash-and-burn technology, as had been previously believed, but used a variety of more sophisticated agricultural techniques and practices, including terracing, raised fields, and, perhaps, irrigation. Because of the nature of the data and because this form of agricultural technology had been key to explanations of state formation elsewhere in Mesoamerica, raised-field agriculture became a particular focus of investigation. Pulltrouser Swamp conclusively demonstrates the existence of hydraulic, raised-field agriculture in the Maya lowlands between 150 B.C. and A.D. 850. It presents the findings of the University of Oklahoma's Pulltrouser SwampProject, an NSF-supported interdisciplinary study that combined the talents of archaeologists, anthropologists, geographers, paleobotanists, biologists, and zoologists to investigate the remains of the Maya agricultural system in the swampy region of northern Belize. By examining soils, fossil pollen and other plant remains, gastropods, relic settlements, ceramics, lithics, and other important evidence, the Pulltrouser Swamp team has clearly demonstrated that the features under investigation are relics of Maya-made raised and channelized fields and associated canals. Other data suggest the nature of the swamps in which the fields were constructed, the tools used for construction and cultivation, the possible crops cultivated, and at least one type of settlement near the fields, with its chronology. This verification of raised fields provides dramatic evidence of a large and probably organized workforce engaged in sophisticated and complex agricultural technology. As record of this evidence, Pulltrouser Swamp is a work of seminal importance for all students and scholars of New World prehistory.

This book is the first to bring together all that is known about the humanly-modified and cultivated landscapes of Middle America just prior to the European conquest. It assesses the agricultural and human-environment conditions existing at that time, and its implications for various contemporary themes ranging from global change to the presumed 'environment friendly' Native American.

"By far the most extensive empirical and theoretical analysis of the debate [on the effects of population growth on development] in the African context. It promises . . . to become a central document for those interested in African and other Third World regions' agrarian transformation."--S. P. Reyna, University of New Hampshire The question that drives the ten case studies of highland East Africa and Nigeria commissioned for this volume is whether population growth in densely settled areas of rural Africa has led to the intensification of agriculture. Using a "natural experiments" methodology, the authors explore changes in agricultural inputs and outputs, analyze the role that external productive forces have played in these changes, note the consequences of the changes (especially for the environment and standard of living), and speculate on the changes' implications. The volume is framed by chapters on theory, one that presents the traditional thought on the relationship between population and agriculture and one that offers a synthesis that, while controversial, holds out real hope for African agriculture. Contents Theory, Evidence, Study Design, by Robert W. Kates, Goran Hyden, and B. L. Turner II Agricultural Transformation in the Robusta Coffee/Banana Zone of Bushenyi, Uganda, by Nelson Kasfir Increasing Variability in Agricultural Production: Meru District, Kenya, in the Twentieth Century, by F. E. Bernard Defending the Promise of Subsistence: Population Growth and Agriculture in the West Usambara Mountains, 1920-1980, by Steven Feierman Marginal Coping in Extreme Land Pressures: Ruhengeri, Rwanda, by Robert E. Ford Population Growth and Agricultural Change in Kisii District, Kenya: A Sustained Symbiosis? by H. W. O. Okoth-Ogendo and John O. Oucho Agricultural Expansion, Intensification, and Market Participation among the Kofyar, Jos Plateau, Nigeria, by Robert McC. Netting, Glenn Davis Stone, and M. Priscilla Stone Population Growth and Agricultural Change in Imo State, Southeastern Nigeria, by Abe Goldman From Agricultural Growth to Stagnation: The Case of the Ngwa, Nigeria, 1900-1980, by Susan Martin Agricultural Stagnation and Economic Diversification: Awka-Nnewi Region, Nigeria, 1930-1980, by Francis C. Okafor The Intensification of Peri-Urban Agriculture: The Kano Close-Settled Zone, 1964-1986, by Michael Mortimore Beyond Intensificaiton, by Goran Hyden, Robert W. Kates, and B. L. Turner II B. L. Turner II, a professor of geography and director of the George Perkins Marsh Institute at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, is the editor or author of a number of publications on nature-society relationships. Goran Hyden is a professor of political science at the University of Florida. Robert Kates is Professor Emeritus at Brown University and former director of the A. S. Feinstein World Hunger Program at that university.

The Earth as Transformed by Human Action is the culmination of a mammoth undertaking involving the examination of the toll our continual strides forward, technical and social, take on our world. The purpose of such a study is to document the changes in the biosphere that have taken place over the last 300 years, to contrast global patterns of change to those appearing on a regional level, and to explain the major human forces that have driven these changes. The first section deals strictly with the major human forces of the past 300 years and the second is a detailed account of the transformations of the global environment wrought by human action. The final section examines a range of perspectives and theories that purport to explain human actions with regard to the biosphere.