An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Antimicrobial drugs either kill microbes (microbicidal) or prevent the growth of microbes (microbiostatic). The discovery of antimicrobials like penicillin and tetracycline paved the way for better health for millions around the world. Before 1941, the year penicillin was discovered; no true cure for gonorrhea, strep throat, or pneumonia existed. Patients with infected wounds often had to have a wounded limb removed, or face death from infection. This book focuses on insights of novel compounds and their antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion technique and can be utilized for research oriented studies and further developments in such drug discovery process.

Conventional drug delivery system were used for long time.Drug was usually administered in forms such as tablet, capsule, emulsion, suspension etc but administering drug using these conventional dosage form encountered a number of problems.The problems were mainly regarding poor distribution, stability, site delivery etc. most of these problems were solved by using Novel drug delivery system(NDDS). Liposome is one amongst those drug delivery system.With the help of liposomes it was possible to deliver the drug in a controlled manner. Drugs included in the liposomes directly reached to the site of action. With the help of liposomes it was possible to protect the physical and chemical degration. Hydrophillic as well as lipophillic drug could be administered with the help of liposome formulation. Liposomes are long circulating forms and thus it is possible to administer the drug with a sustained release profile. In liposomes as very few excipients, there is no interaction between the drug and polymer. Liposomes are least toxic. Thus because of these many advantages, it is considered as one of the best NDDS. But it also has a number of limitations.

Disease models such as the oncomouse and the Alzheimer's mouse have been hugely influential in the body of support for transgenic animals as they exhibit the most important of potential human benefits: aiding our understanding and treating life threatening illness. The use of animals for testing treatments is necessary because of the ethical gulf which prevents us from performing initial tests on humans. Biopharming represent another means of improving the human condition by producing human proteins in their milk, blood or eggs. The resultant protein can then be purified and used to treat medical needs. we focused on the ethics of making and using transgenic animals as per CCAC, with pros and cons for each category. Is says also that the given 'three Rs' should be followed as possible. The most obvious benefit to humans is from continued research using disease models, but when people claim that animal suffering, "playing God," and destroying the animal's integrity are unethical in the use of transgenic.

Endosseous dental implants have revolutionized the fields of implants and periodontics. During the last decade, a great deal of information has been generatedconcerning the effectiveness and predictability of endosseous implants. Implant placement is a viable option in the treatment of partial and full edentulism and has become an integral facet of periodontal therapy. The available implants are remarkably successful. However, there is no one ideal implant system. The following areas need further study: edentulous sites with inadequate bone for endosseous implants, splinting of implants to natural teeth, long-term effects of microbial and occlusal stresses, the prevention and treatment of peri-implant infection and disease, effects of implants on alveolar ridge maintenance, and routine maintenance protocols. Research on implant design for narrow ridges and atrophic jaws is ongoing, and the clinical efficacy of localized ridge augmentation and sinus floor grafts is being investigated. An area of research with future clinical significance is the use of growth factors and osteoinductive substances which may be applied locally or incorporated into the implant's surface.