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An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth
of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Antimicrobial
drugs either kill microbes (microbicidal) or prevent the growth of
microbes (microbiostatic). The discovery of antimicrobials like
penicillin and tetracycline paved the way for better health for
millions around the world. Before 1941, the year penicillin was
discovered; no true cure for gonorrhea, strep throat, or pneumonia
existed. Patients with infected wounds often had to have a wounded
limb removed, or face death from infection. This book focuses on
insights of novel compounds and their antimicrobial activity by
disc diffusion technique and can be utilized for research oriented
studies and further developments in such drug discovery process.
Conventional drug delivery system were used for long time.Drug was
usually administered in forms such as tablet, capsule, emulsion,
suspension etc but administering drug using these conventional
dosage form encountered a number of problems.The problems were
mainly regarding poor distribution, stability, site delivery etc.
most of these problems were solved by using Novel drug delivery
system(NDDS). Liposome is one amongst those drug delivery
system.With the help of liposomes it was possible to deliver the
drug in a controlled manner. Drugs included in the liposomes
directly reached to the site of action. With the help of liposomes
it was possible to protect the physical and chemical degration.
Hydrophillic as well as lipophillic drug could be administered with
the help of liposome formulation. Liposomes are long circulating
forms and thus it is possible to administer the drug with a
sustained release profile. In liposomes as very few excipients,
there is no interaction between the drug and polymer. Liposomes are
least toxic. Thus because of these many advantages, it is
considered as one of the best NDDS. But it also has a number of
limitations.
Disease models such as the oncomouse and the Alzheimer's mouse have
been hugely influential in the body of support for transgenic
animals as they exhibit the most important of potential human
benefits: aiding our understanding and treating life threatening
illness. The use of animals for testing treatments is necessary
because of the ethical gulf which prevents us from performing
initial tests on humans. Biopharming represent another means of
improving the human condition by producing human proteins in their
milk, blood or eggs. The resultant protein can then be purified and
used to treat medical needs. we focused on the ethics of making and
using transgenic animals as per CCAC, with pros and cons for each
category. Is says also that the given 'three Rs' should be followed
as possible. The most obvious benefit to humans is from continued
research using disease models, but when people claim that animal
suffering, "playing God," and destroying the animal's integrity are
unethical in the use of transgenic.
Endosseous dental implants have revolutionized the fields of
implants and periodontics. During the last decade, a great deal of
information has been generatedconcerning the effectiveness and
predictability of endosseous implants. Implant placement is a
viable option in the treatment of partial and full edentulism and
has become an integral facet of periodontal therapy. The available
implants are remarkably successful. However, there is no one ideal
implant system. The following areas need further study: edentulous
sites with inadequate bone for endosseous implants, splinting of
implants to natural teeth, long-term effects of microbial and
occlusal stresses, the prevention and treatment of peri-implant
infection and disease, effects of implants on alveolar ridge
maintenance, and routine maintenance protocols. Research on implant
design for narrow ridges and atrophic jaws is ongoing, and the
clinical efficacy of localized ridge augmentation and sinus floor
grafts is being investigated. An area of research with future
clinical significance is the use of growth factors and
osteoinductive substances which may be applied locally or
incorporated into the implant's surface.
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