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Linguists have sporadically noted peculiarities of pronunciation,
lexis and morphosyntax in the speech of European Americans in the
Pittsburgh area, and Pittsburgh speech, locally known as
"Pittsburghese", has been a topic of discussion in the Pittsburgh
area for decades. This variety has never before been systematically
documented, however. The first and only scholarly book to describe
Pittsburgh-area varieties of English, Pittsburgh Speech and
Pittsburghese is an essential reference tool for anyone studying
the dialect of the Pittsburgh area and the only textbook choice for
anyone teaching about it.
This book explores the history of Pittsburghese, the language of
the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area as it is imagined and used by
Pittsburghers. Pittburghese is linked to local identity so strongly
that it is alluded to almost every time people talk about what
Pittsburgh is like, or what it means to be a Pittsburgher. But what
happened during the second half of the 20th century to reshape a
largely unnoticed way of speaking into this highly visible urban
"dialect"? In this book, sociolinguist Barbara Johnstone focuses on
this question. Treating Pittsburghese as a cultural product of
talk, writing, and other forms of social practice, Johnstone shows
how non-standard pronunciations, words, and bits of grammar used in
the Pittsburgh area were taken up into a repertoire of words and
phrases and a vocal style that has become one of the most resonant
symbols of local identity in the United States today.
This text reports on an ethnographic study of journal-keeping in a
university science class. The author spent a summer semester
attending a general education class in geology as a participant
observer, took extensive notes, interviewed class members and the
professor, and analyzed journal entries and other documents related
to the class. She provides an example of ethnographic methods to be
of use to other composition researchers, especially in her careful
attention to reflexivity, that is, the effect of the researcher and
the research on data. The book provides a detailed exploration of
journal keeping from the perspective of both the students and the
professor, as well as case studies of how two students in
particular used journal keeping. Journal entries are examined not
simply as texts produced by individuals for a class assignment, but
as the outcome of a socio-political process, including the goals of
the general education curriculum, the goals of the geology course
and its instructor, the students' personal and educational goals,
the institutional constraints on the professor, the methods of the
researchers, and the dynamics of classroom interaction.
Linguists usually discuss language or dialects in terms of groups
of speakers. Believing that patterns can be seen more clearly in
the group than the individual, researchers often present group
scores with no indication of the variation within the group. Even
though linguists acknowledge that no two individuals speak alike,
few study individual variation and voice.
Barbara Johnstone makes a case for the individual's importance and
idiosyncrasies in language and linguistics. Using theoretical
arguments and discourse analysis, along with linguistic examples
from a variety of speakers and settings, Johnstone illustrates how
speakers draw on linguistic models associated with class,
ethnicity, gender, and region, among others, to construct an
individual voice. In doing so Johnstone shows that certain
important questions in sociolinguistics and pragmatics can only be
answered with reference to individual speakers. Johnstone's study
is important both for the understanding of speech as expressive of
self, and for the study of variation and mechanisms of linguistic
choice and change.
A text in qualitative research methods for students in English, sociology, psychology, anthropology, and linguistics taking a course in sociolinguistics or linguistic research methods.
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