On August 25-26, 2014, the Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN) and the National Research Council of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences convened the Brazil-U.S. Workshop on Strengthening the Culture of Nuclear Safety and Security. The workshop, held on the IPEN Campus in Sao Paulo, Brazil, examined how a culture of nuclear safety and security is built and maintained within the nuclear science, technology, and industrial sectors. Participants identified opportunities for cooperation to strengthen that culture and shared research, perspectives, and practices. This report summarizes the presentation and discussion of that event. Table of Contents Front Matter Overview Introduction I The Relationship Between Safety Culture and Security Culture II Safety Analysis, Vulnerability Assessment, and the Design of Integrated Solutions III Performance Assessment and Improvement of Safety and Security Culture IV Training and Education for Safety and Security Culture V Lessons-Learned Processes and Implementing Change VI Influence of Leadership and Hierarchy on Safety and Security Culture Concluding Remarks Appendix A: Brazil-U.S. Workshop on Strengthening the Culture of Nuclear Safety and Security Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers

During July 10-13, 2011, 68 participants from 32 countries gathered in Istanbul, Turkey for a workshop organized by the United States National Research Council on Anticipating Biosecurity Challenges of the Global Expansion of High-containment Biological Laboratories. The United States Department of State's Biosecurity Engagement Program sponsored the workshop, which was held in partnership with the Turkish Academy of Sciences. The international workshop examined biosafety and biosecurity issues related to the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of high-containment biological laboratories- equivalent to United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention biological safety level 3 or 4 labs. Although these laboratories are needed to characterize highly dangerous human and animal pathogens, assist in disease surveillance, and produce vaccines, they are complex systems with inherent risks. Biosecurity Challenges of the Global Expansion of High-Containment Biological Laboratories summarizes the workshop discussion, which included the following topics: Technological options to meet diagnostic, research, and other goals; Laboratory construction and commissioning; Operational maintenance to provide sustainable capabilities, safety, and security; and Measures for encouraging a culture of responsible conduct. Workshop attendees described the history and current challenges they face in their individual laboratories. Speakers recounted steps they were taking to improve safety and security, from running training programs to implementing a variety of personnel reliability measures. Many also spoke about physical security, access controls, and monitoring pathogen inventories. Workshop participants also identified tensions in the field and suggested possible areas for action. Table of Contents Front Matter Overview 1 Introduction 2 Framing the Issue (Plenary Sessions) 3 Assessments of Needs, Challenges, and Resources (Plenary Session) 4 Available Resources, Regulations, and Guidelines (Plenary Session) 5 Paths from Assessments to Functional Labs (Breakout Sessions) 6 Public Health Needs: Costs, Effectiveness, and Biosafety Requirements for Diagnostic Procedures (Breakout Sessions) 7 Identifying Areas for Action (Breakout Sessions) 8 Requirements for and Challenges Associated with BSL-4 Labs (Plenary Session) 9 Concluding Plenary Discussion: Major Themes and Next Steps Abbreviations and Acronyms References Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Committee, Participant, and Staff List Appendix C: Committee, Participant, and Staff Biographies Appendix D: Description of Tour of Pendik Veterinary Control and Research Institute Appendix E: Country and Region Overviews E1: Brazil E2: European Union E3: Pakistan E4: Russia E5: Sweden E6: Turkey E7: Ukraine E8: United Kingdom E9: United States

This report offers a summary of the substantive presentations during an international workshop, Trends in Science and Technology Relevant to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, held October 31 - November 3, 2010 at the Institute of Biophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. It is meant to provide scientists and other technical experts with factual information about the range and variety of topics discussed at the workshop, which may be of interest to national governments and non-governmental organizations as they begin to prepare for the 7th Review Conference of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) in 2011. The Beijing workshop reflected the continuing engagement by national academies international scientific organizations, and individual scientists and engineers in considering the biosecurity implications of developments in the life sciences and assessing trends in science and technology (S&T) relevant to nonproliferation. The workshop provided an opportunity for the scientific community to discuss the implications of relevant developments in S&T for multiple aspects of the BWC. Trends in Science and Technology Relevant to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention follows the structure of the plenary sessions at the workshop. It begins with introductory material about the BWC and current examples of the types and modes of science advice available to the BWC and other international nonproliferation and disarmament agreements, in particular the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). This report includes only a very brief description of the some of the post-presentation discussions held during the plenary sessions - and does not include an account of the small breakout groups - since these were intended to inform the committee's finding and conclusions and will be reflected in the final report. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary Appendix