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This volume is a careful selection of the leading legal and
economic papers analysing international discrimination in
government purchasing. It also includes the WTO agreement that
seeks to curb such discrimination. Studies of individual country
experiences are also featured, adding a practical dimension to what
often appears to be a narrow technical debate. This authoritative
and wide-ranging volume will provide trade negotiators, other
government officials including purchasing officers, and scholars
with a thorough grounding so as to effectively assess proposals for
further international rules on government procurement practices, be
they in bilateral, regional, or multilateral arenas.
The past few decades have witnessed a growth in the importance of
services in the economy, yet until the 1980s, scholarly literature
on the expanding role of trade in services in the world economy
remained scarce. This timely research review, edited by a leading
analyst in the field, brings together seminal works on the WTO and
trade in services published in the last twenty-five years. Areas
covered in this important set include the determinants and patterns
of trade in services, services in regional integration agreements
and the GATS. This book will be of immense value to scholars and
practitioners interested in this evolving and increasingly relevant
field of study.
Special and differential treatment (SDT) for developing countries
has always been a central, but controversial, element of the
GATT/WTO multilateral trading system. A large literature on the
subject of SDT has emerged in the last 50 years by both proponents
and opponents. The contributions to this volume focus on the
rationale, institutional features and economic effectiveness of
SDT. The editors have carefully selected a number of key articles
with a special emphasis on evaluations of the impact of SDT,
especially preferential market access. The book also includes more
recent contributions which discuss whether there is a continued
need for such special treatment and how it might be designed both
from a development objective and from the perspective of the
trading system generally. This volume is an essential source of
reference for those who follow economic and legal debates on the
future of the multilateral trade regime and the role of the
developing countries in it. The editors have written an
authoritative new introduction which illuminates their choice and
highlights the contribution of each article.
The development of the modern global trading system has been
extremely rapid - and not without controversy. The WTO (and its
precursor, the GATT) have provided not only a set of multilateral
rules and disciplines but also a forum for negotiation and a legal
mechanism to settle trade-related disputes. This important
two-volume collection includes key papers that provide a pertinent
historical perspective, as well as addressing the current and
future issues that confront the trading system. The first volume
focuses on the need for and genesis of multilateral trade rules and
disciplines, and also examines the core non-discrimination rules.
The second volume looks at reciprocity rules; the notification and
surveillance of trade policy; the modalities for negotiating market
access; and the difficulty in converting non-tariff trade measures
into tariffs.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) recently celebrated twenty years
of existence. The general wisdom is that its dispute settlement
institutions work well and its negotiation machinery goes through a
phase of prolonged crises. Assessing the World Trade Organization
overcomes this myopic view and takes stock of the WTO's
achievements whilst going beyond existing disciplinary narratives.
With chapters written by scholars who have closely observed the
development of the WTO in recent years, this book presents the
state of the art in thinking about WTO performance. It also
considers important issues such as the origins of the multilateral
system, the accession process and the WTO's interaction with other
international organisations. The contributions shed new light on
untold stories, critically review and present existing scholarship,
and sketch new research avenues for a future generation of trade
scholars. This book will appeal to a wide audience that aims to
better understand the drivers and obstacles of WTO performance.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) recently celebrated twenty years
of existence. The general wisdom is that its dispute settlement
institutions work well and its negotiation machinery goes through a
phase of prolonged crises. Assessing the World Trade Organization
overcomes this myopic view and takes stock of the WTO's
achievements whilst going beyond existing disciplinary narratives.
With chapters written by scholars who have closely observed the
development of the WTO in recent years, this book presents the
state of the art in thinking about WTO performance. It also
considers important issues such as the origins of the multilateral
system, the accession process and the WTO's interaction with other
international organisations. The contributions shed new light on
untold stories, critically review and present existing scholarship,
and sketch new research avenues for a future generation of trade
scholars. This book will appeal to a wide audience that aims to
better understand the drivers and obstacles of WTO performance.
As governments are major buyers of goods and services, foreign
companies are keen to be able to participate in procurement
opportunities on an equal footing with national firms. This has
given rise to the inclusion of procurement disciplines in trade
agreements and to internationally-agreed good regulatory practices
in this important policy area. The contributions to this book
examine how the dynamic mix of bilateral, regional, plurilateral
and international norms on government procurement is reflected in
purchasing practices at the national level and whether these are
leading to convergence in policies and approaches. The countries
studied span both advanced, high-income economies and emerging
economies. Some are members of the WTO procurement agreement,
others are not. Most WTO members have decided not to commit to
binding international disciplines on procurement in trade
agreements. This book explores whether there has been nonetheless
internationalization of good procurement practices, and what
current public purchasing processes suggest as regards the value
added of signing on to binding rules of the game in this area. The
approach taken in the volume is interdisciplinary. Contributors
include economists, political scientists, legal scholars, and
practitioners with a solid understanding of both the extant
international disciplines and national government procurement
policies. Each chapter assesses the current state of play as
regards legislation and procurement practices; the degree to which
industrial policy considerations feature in the relevant regulatory
frameworks; the existence and use of domestic dispute resolution
and review procedures that allow firms to contest the behavior of
procuring entities; and the availability of data on procurement
processes and outcomes.
At a time when countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
are joining the World Trade Organization, the lack of an
economically sound analysis of trade policies in the region is
especially notable. This volume remedies the situation by bringing
together a distinguished group of applied trade economists to
provide a broad view of the state of trade in and among the
region's nations. The contributors provide original empirical
analyses on key reform issues, and their work reflects deep
knowledge of government concerns and policies.
Part 1 sets the scene by comparing the performance of the MENA
region with the rest of the world on a large number variables and
indicators. Part 2 contains a number of CGE model-based analyses of
trade policy reform options. Part 3 focuses on specific policy
areas: standards as nontariff barriers and red tape, trade
facilitation, an assessment of the impact of protecting
intellectual property using partial equilibrium techniques, and a
review of the existing Euro-Med agreements. Part 4 discusses how
the region could benefit from WTO membership and from changing the
existing regional integration schemes into arrangements that help
promote a growth enhancing reform agenda.
The volume will be essential reading for economists and
policymakers working in and with the MENA nations, as well as
officials at the multilateral and regional institutions.
Contributors are A. Halis Akder, Benita Cox, Dean De Rosa, Hana'a
Kheir El Din, Sherine El Ghoneim, Oleh Havrylyshyn, Bernard
Hoekman, Denise Konan, Peter Kunzel, Will Martin, Keith Maskus,
Mustapha Nabli, Thomas Rutherford, Elisabet Rutstrom, David Tarr,
Subidey Togan, L. Alan Winters, Alexander Yeats, and Jamel
Zarrouk.
Bernard Hoekman is an Economist with the Development Research
Group's Trade team of the World Bank. Jamel Zarrouk is an Economist
with the Arab Monetary Fund.
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