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This eighteenth volume in the Poincare Seminar Series provides a
thorough description of Information Theory and some of its most
active areas, in particular, its relation to thermodynamics at the
nanoscale and the Maxwell Demon, and the emergence of quantum
computation and of its counterpart, quantum verification. It also
includes two introductory tutorials, one on the fundamental
relation between thermodynamics and information theory, and a
primer on Shannon's entropy and information theory. The book offers
a unique and manifold perspective on recent mathematical and
physical developments in this field.
This volume provides a detailed description of some of the most
active areas in astrophysics from the largest scales probed by the
Planck satellite to massive black holes that lie at the heart of
galaxies and up to the much awaited but stunning discovery of
thousands of exoplanets. It contains the following chapters: *
Jean-Philippe UZAN, The Big-Bang Theory: Construction, Evolution
and Status * Jean-Loup PUGET, The Planck Mission and the Cosmic
Microwave Background * Reinhard GENZEL, Massive Black Holes:
Evidence, Demographics and Cosmic Evolution * Arnaud CASSAN, New
Worlds Ahead: The Discovery of Exoplanets Reinhard Genzel and
Andrea Ghez shared the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the
discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our
galaxy'", alongside Roger Penrose "for the discovery that black
hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of
relativity". The book corresponds to the twentieth Poincare
Seminar, held on November 21, 2015, at Institut Henri Poincare in
Paris. Originally written as lectures to a broad scientific
audience, these four chapters are of high value and will be of
general interest to astrophysicists, physicists, mathematicians and
historians.
This eighteenth volume in the Poincare Seminar Series provides a
thorough description of Information Theory and some of its most
active areas, in particular, its relation to thermodynamics at the
nanoscale and the Maxwell Demon, and the emergence of quantum
computation and of its counterpart, quantum verification. It also
includes two introductory tutorials, one on the fundamental
relation between thermodynamics and information theory, and a
primer on Shannon's entropy and information theory. The book offers
a unique and manifold perspective on recent mathematical and
physical developments in this field.
This volume provides a detailed description of some of the most
active areas in astrophysics from the largest scales probed by the
Planck satellite to massive black holes that lie at the heart of
galaxies and up to the much awaited but stunning discovery of
thousands of exoplanets. It contains the following chapters: *
Jean-Philippe UZAN, The Big-Bang Theory: Construction, Evolution
and Status * Jean-Loup PUGET, The Planck Mission and the Cosmic
Microwave Background * Reinhard GENZEL, Massive Black Holes:
Evidence, Demographics and Cosmic Evolution * Arnaud CASSAN, New
Worlds Ahead: The Discovery of Exoplanets Reinhard Genzel and
Andrea Ghez shared the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the
discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our
galaxy'", alongside Roger Penrose "for the discovery that black
hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of
relativity". The book corresponds to the twentieth Poincare
Seminar, held on November 21, 2015, at Institut Henri Poincare in
Paris. Originally written as lectures to a broad scientific
audience, these four chapters are of high value and will be of
general interest to astrophysicists, physicists, mathematicians and
historians.
This fifteenth volume of the Poincare Seminar Series, Dirac Matter,
describes the surprising resurgence, as a low-energy effective
theory of conducting electrons in many condensed matter systems,
including graphene and topological insulators, of the famous
equation originally invented by P.A.M. Dirac for relativistic
quantum mechanics. In five highly pedagogical articles, as befits
their origin in lectures to a broad scientific audience, this book
explains why Dirac matters. Highlights include the detailed
"Graphene and Relativistic Quantum Physics", written by the
experimental pioneer, Philip Kim, and devoted to graphene, a form
of carbon crystallized in a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice, from
its discovery in 2004-2005 by the future Nobel prize winners Kostya
Novoselov and Andre Geim to the so-called relativistic quantum Hall
effect; the review entitled "Dirac Fermions in Condensed Matter and
Beyond", written by two prominent theoreticians, Mark Goerbig and
Gilles Montambaux, who consider many other materials than graphene,
collectively known as "Dirac matter", and offer a thorough
description of the merging transition of Dirac cones that occurs in
the energy spectrum, in various experiments involving stretching of
the microscopic hexagonal lattice; the third contribution, entitled
"Quantum Transport in Graphene: Impurity Scattering as a Probe of
the Dirac Spectrum", given by Helene Bouchiat, a leading
experimentalist in mesoscopic physics, with Sophie Gueron and Chuan
Li, shows how measuring electrical transport, in particular
magneto-transport in real graphene devices - contaminated by
impurities and hence exhibiting a diffusive regime - allows one to
deeply probe the Dirac nature of electrons. The last two
contributions focus on topological insulators; in the authoritative
"Experimental Signatures of Topological Insulators", Laurent Levy
reviews recent experimental progress in the physics of
mercury-telluride samples under strain, which demonstrates that the
surface of a three-dimensional topological insulator hosts a
two-dimensional massless Dirac metal; the illuminating final
contribution by David Carpentier, entitled "Topology of Bands in
Solids: From Insulators to Dirac Matter", provides a geometric
description of Bloch wave functions in terms of Berry phases and
parallel transport, and of their topological classification in
terms of invariants such as Chern numbers, and ends with a
perspective on three-dimensional semi-metals as described by the
Weyl equation. This book will be of broad general interest to
physicists, mathematicians, and historians of science.
This volume provides a detailed description of the seminal
theoretical construction in 1964, independently by Robert Brout and
Francois Englert, and by Peter W. Higgs, of a mechanism for
short-range fundamental interactions, now called the
Brout-Englert-Higgs (BEH) mechanism. It accounts for the non-zero
mass of elementary particles and predicts the existence of a new
particle - an elementary massive scalar boson. In addition to this
the book describes the experimental discovery of this fundamental
missing element in the Standard Model of particle physics. The H
Boson, also called the Higgs Boson, was produced and detected in
the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) of CERN near Geneva by two large
experimental collaborations, ATLAS and CMS, which announced its
discovery on the 4th of July 2012.This new volume of the Poincare
Seminar Series, The H Boson, corresponds to the nineteenth seminar,
held on November 29, 2014, at Institut Henri Poincare in Paris.
This volume provides a detailed description of the seminal
theoretical construction in 1964, independently by Robert Brout and
Francois Englert, and by Peter W. Higgs, of a mechanism for
short-range fundamental interactions, now called the
Brout-Englert-Higgs (BEH) mechanism. It accounts for the non-zero
mass of elementary particles and predicts the existence of a new
particle - an elementary massive scalar boson. In addition to this
the book describes the experimental discovery of this fundamental
missing element in the Standard Model of particle physics. The H
Boson, also called the Higgs Boson, was produced and detected in
the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) of CERN near Geneva by two large
experimental collaborations, ATLAS and CMS, which announced its
discovery on the 4th of July 2012.This new volume of the Poincare
Seminar Series, The H Boson, corresponds to the nineteenth seminar,
held on November 29, 2014, at Institut Henri Poincare in Paris.
This fifteenth volume of the Poincare Seminar Series, Dirac Matter,
describes the surprising resurgence, as a low-energy effective
theory of conducting electrons in many condensed matter systems,
including graphene and topological insulators, of the famous
equation originally invented by P.A.M. Dirac for relativistic
quantum mechanics. In five highly pedagogical articles, as befits
their origin in lectures to a broad scientific audience, this book
explains why Dirac matters. Highlights include the detailed
"Graphene and Relativistic Quantum Physics", written by the
experimental pioneer, Philip Kim, and devoted to graphene, a form
of carbon crystallized in a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice, from
its discovery in 2004-2005 by the future Nobel prize winners Kostya
Novoselov and Andre Geim to the so-called relativistic quantum Hall
effect; the review entitled "Dirac Fermions in Condensed Matter and
Beyond", written by two prominent theoreticians, Mark Goerbig and
Gilles Montambaux, who consider many other materials than graphene,
collectively known as "Dirac matter", and offer a thorough
description of the merging transition of Dirac cones that occurs in
the energy spectrum, in various experiments involving stretching of
the microscopic hexagonal lattice; the third contribution, entitled
"Quantum Transport in Graphene: Impurity Scattering as a Probe of
the Dirac Spectrum", given by Helene Bouchiat, a leading
experimentalist in mesoscopic physics, with Sophie Gueron and Chuan
Li, shows how measuring electrical transport, in particular
magneto-transport in real graphene devices - contaminated by
impurities and hence exhibiting a diffusive regime - allows one to
deeply probe the Dirac nature of electrons. The last two
contributions focus on topological insulators; in the authoritative
"Experimental Signatures of Topological Insulators", Laurent Levy
reviews recent experimental progress in the physics of
mercury-telluride samples under strain, which demonstrates that the
surface of a three-dimensional topological insulator hosts a
two-dimensional massless Dirac metal; the illuminating final
contribution by David Carpentier, entitled "Topology of Bands in
Solids: From Insulators to Dirac Matter", provides a geometric
description of Bloch wave functions in terms of Berry phases and
parallel transport, and of their topological classification in
terms of invariants such as Chern numbers, and ends with a
perspective on three-dimensional semi-metals as described by the
Weyl equation. This book will be of broad general interest to
physicists, mathematicians, and historians of science.
This eleventh volume in the Poincare Seminar Series presents an
interdisciplinary perspective on the concept of Time, which poses
some of the most challenging questions in science. Five articles,
written by the Fields medalist C. Villani, the two outstanding
theoretical physicists T. Damour and C. Jarzynski, the leading
experimentalist C. Salomon, and the famous philosopher of science
H. Price, describe recent developments related to the mathematical,
physical, experimental, and philosophical facets of this
fascinating concept. These articles are also highly pedagogical, as
befits their origin in lectures to a broad scientific audience.
Highlights include a description of the manifold fundamental
physical issues in play with time, in particular with the changes
of perspective implied by Special and General Relativity; a
mathematically precise discussion of irreversibility and entropy in
the context of Boltzmann's and Vlasov's equations; a thorough
survey of the recently developed "thermodynamics at the nanoscale,"
the scale most relevant to biological physics; a description of the
new cold atom space clock PHARAO to be installed in 2015 onboard
the International Space Station, which will allow a test of
Einstein's gravitational shift with a record precision of 2 x 10-6,
and enable a test of the stability over time of the fundamental
constants of physics, an issue first raised by Dirac in 1937; and
last, but not least, a logical and clarifying philosophical
discussion of 'Time's arrow', a phrase first coined by Eddington in
1928 in a challenge to physics to resolve the puzzle of the
time-asymmetry of our universe, and echoed here in a short poeme en
prose by C. de Mitry. This book should be of broad general interest
to physicists, mathematicians, and philosophers.
This thirteenth volume of the Poincare Seminar Series, Henri
Poincare, 1912-2012, is published on the occasion of the centennial
of the death of Henri Poincare in 1912. It presents a scholarly
approach to Poincare's genius and creativity in mathematical
physics and mathematics. Its five articles are also highly
pedagogical, as befits their origin in lectures to a broad
scientific audience. Highlights include "Poincare's Light" by
Olivier Darrigol, a leading historian of science, who uses light as
a guiding thread through much of Poincare 's physics and
philosophy, from the application of his superior mathematical
skills and the theory of diffraction to his subsequent reflections
on the foundations of electromagnetism and the electrodynamics of
moving bodies; the authoritative "Poincare and the Three-Body
Problem" by Alain Chenciner, who offers an exquisitely detailed,
hundred-page perspective, peppered with vivid excerpts from
citations, on the monumental work of Poincare on this subject, from
the famous (King Oscar's) 1889 memoir to the foundations of the
modern theory of chaos in "Les methodes nouvelles de la mecanique
celeste." A profoundly original and scholarly presentation of the
work by Poincare on probability theory is given by Laurent Mazliak
in "Poincare's Odds," from the incidental first appearance of the
word "probability" in Poincare's famous 1890 theorem of recurrence
for dynamical systems, to his later acceptance of the
unavoidability of probability calculus in Science, as developed to
a great extent by Emile Borel, Poincare's main direct disciple; the
article by Francois Beguin, "Henri Poincare and the Uniformization
of Riemann Surfaces," takes us on a fascinating journey through the
six successive versions in twenty-six years of the celebrated
uniformization theorem, which exemplifies the Master's distinctive
signature in the foundational fusion of mathematics and physics, on
which conformal field theory, string theory and quantum gravity so
much depend nowadays; the final chapter, "Harmony and Chaos, On the
Figure of Henri Poincare" by the filmmaker Philippe Worms,
describes the homonymous poetical film in which eminent scientists,
through mathematical scenes and physical experiments, display their
emotional relationship to the often elusive scientific truth and
universal "harmony and chaos" in Poincare's legacy. This book will
be of broad general interest to physicists, mathematicians,
philosophers of science and historians.
This tenth volume in the Poincare Seminar Series describes recent
developments at one of the most challenging frontiers in
statistical physics - the deeply related fields of glassy dynamics,
especially near the glass transition, and of the statics and
dynamics of granular systems. These fields are marked by a vigorous
interchange between experiment, theory, and numerical studies, all
of which are well represented by the leading experts who have
contributed articles to this volume. These articles are also highly
pedagogical, as befits their origin in lectures to a broad
scientific audience. Highlights include a Galilean dialogue on the
mean field and competing theories of the glass transition, a
wide-ranging survey of colloidal glasses, and experimental as well
as theoretical treatments of the relatively new field of dense
granular flows. This book should be of broad general interest to
both physicists and mathematicians.
This eleventh volume in the Poincare Seminar Series presents an
interdisciplinary perspective on the concept of Time, which poses
some of the most challenging questions in science. Five articles,
written by the Fields medalist C. Villani, the two outstanding
theoretical physicists T. Damour and C. Jarzynski, the leading
experimentalist C. Salomon, and the famous philosopher of science
H. Price, describe recent developments related to the mathematical,
physical, experimental, and philosophical facets of this
fascinating concept. These articles are also highly pedagogical, as
befits their origin in lectures to a broad scientific audience.
Highlights include a description of the manifold fundamental
physical issues in play with time, in particular with the changes
of perspective implied by Special and General Relativity; a
mathematically precise discussion of irreversibility and entropy in
the context of Boltzmann's and Vlasov's equations; a thorough
survey of the recently developed "thermodynamics at the nanoscale,"
the scale most relevant to biological physics; a description of the
new cold atom space clock PHARAO to be installed in 2015 onboard
the International Space Station, which will allow a test of
Einstein's gravitational shift with a record precision of 2 x 10-6,
and enable a test of the stability over time of the fundamental
constants of physics, an issue first raised by Dirac in 1937; and
last, but not least, a logical and clarifying philosophical
discussion of 'Time's arrow', a phrase first coined by Eddington in
1928 in a challenge to physics to resolve the puzzle of the
time-asymmetry of our universe, and echoed here in a short poeme en
prose by C. de Mitry. This book should be of broad general interest
to physicists, mathematicians, and philosophers.
This new volume in the Poincare Seminar Series, describing recent
developments at the interface between physics and biology, is
directed towards a broad audience of physicists, biologists, and
mathematicians. Both the theoretical and experimental aspects are
covered, and particular care is devoted to the pedagogical nature
of the presentations. The first survey article, by Jean-Francois
Joanny and Jacques Prost, describes the theoretical advances made
in the study of "active gels," with applications to liquid crystals
and cell motility. Jasper van der Gucht and Cecile Sykes then
report on recent advances made with biomimetic model systems in the
understanding of cytokinesis. The next article, by Jonathon Howard,
presents several molecular models for motor proteins, which are
compared with experimental results for kinesin. David Lacoste and
Kirone Mallick then show theoretically that similar ratchet models
of motor proteins naturally satisfy a fundamental time-reversal
symmetry, the Gallavotti-Cohen fluctuation relation. Jean-Francois
Allemand, David Bensimon and Vincent Croquette and their coauthors
describe the latest advances made in the real-time single molecule
study of the enzymes involved in DNA replication. Raymond E.
Goldstein addresses the problem of understanding, from a physics
perspective, the driving forces behind the biological evolution of
multicellularity, using Volvocine algae as model organisms.
Stanislas Dehaene finally addresses the major challenge of
understanding the neuronal mechanism of consciousness, and
speculates on the possible theoretical explanations of MRI
experiments.
This tenth volume in the Poincare Seminar Series describes recent
developments at one of the most challenging frontiers in
statistical physics - the deeply related fields of glassy dynamics,
especially near the glass transition, and of the statics and
dynamics of granular systems. These fields are marked by a vigorous
interchange between experiment, theory, and numerical studies, all
of which are well represented by the leading experts who have
contributed articles to this volume. These articles are also highly
pedagogical, as befits their origin in lectures to a broad
scientific audience. Highlights include a Galilean dialogue on the
mean field and competing theories of the glass transition, a
wide-ranging survey of colloidal glasses, and experimental as well
as theoretical treatments of the relatively new field of dense
granular flows. This book should be of broad general interest to
both physicists and mathematicians.
This new volume in the Poincare Seminar Series, describing recent
developments at the interface between physics and biology, is
directed towards a broad audience of physicists, biologists, and
mathematicians. Both the theoretical and experimental aspects are
covered, and particular care is devoted to the pedagogical nature
of the presentations. The first survey article, by Jean-Francois
Joanny and Jacques Prost, describes the theoretical advances made
in the study of "active gels," with applications to liquid crystals
and cell motility. Jasper van der Gucht and Cecile Sykes then
report on recent advances made with biomimetic model systems in the
understanding of cytokinesis. The next article, by Jonathon Howard,
presents several molecular models for motor proteins, which are
compared with experimental results for kinesin. David Lacoste and
Kirone Mallick then show theoretically that similar ratchet models
of motor proteins naturally satisfy a fundamental time-reversal
symmetry, the Gallavotti-Cohen fluctuation relation. Jean-Francois
Allemand, David Bensimon and Vincent Croquette and their coauthors
describe the latest advances made in the real-time single molecule
study of the enzymes involved in DNA replication. Raymond E.
Goldstein addresses the problem of understanding, from a physics
perspective, the driving forces behind the biological evolution of
multicellularity, using Volvocine algae as model organisms.
Stanislas Dehaene finally addresses the major challenge of
understanding the neuronal mechanism of consciousness, and
speculates on the possible theoretical explanations of MRI
experiments.
This fourteenth volume in the Poincare Seminar Series is devoted to
Niels Bohr, his foundational contributions to understanding atomic
structure and quantum theory and their continuing importance today.
This book contains the following chapters: - Tomas Bohr, Keeping
Things Open; - Olivier Darrigol, Bohr's Trilogy of 1913; -John
Heilbron, The Mind that Created the Bohr Atom; - Serge Haroche
& Jean-Michel Raimond, Bohr's Legacy in Cavity QED; - Alain
Aspect, From Einstein, Bohr, Schroedinger to Bell and Feynman: a
New Quantum Revolution?; - Antoine Browaeys, Interacting Cold
Rydberg Atoms: A Toy Many-Body System; - Michel Bitbol &
Stefano Osnaghi, Bohrs Complementarity and Kants Epistemology.
Dating from their origin in lectures to a broad scientific audience
these seven chapters are of high educational value. This volume is
of general interest to physicists, mathematicians and historians.
This fourteenth volume in the Poincare Seminar Series is devoted to
Niels Bohr, his foundational contributions to understanding atomic
structure and quantum theory and their continuing importance today.
This book contains the following chapters: - Tomas Bohr, Keeping
Things Open; - Olivier Darrigol, Bohr's Trilogy of 1913; -John
Heilbron, The Mind that Created the Bohr Atom; - Serge Haroche
& Jean-Michel Raimond, Bohr's Legacy in Cavity QED; - Alain
Aspect, From Einstein, Bohr, Schroedinger to Bell and Feynman: a
New Quantum Revolution?; - Antoine Browaeys, Interacting Cold
Rydberg Atoms: A Toy Many-Body System; - Michel Bitbol &
Stefano Osnaghi, Bohrs Complementarity and Kants Epistemology.
Dating from their origin in lectures to a broad scientific audience
these seven chapters are of high educational value. This volume is
of general interest to physicists, mathematicians and historians.
This twelfth volume in the Poincare Seminar Series presents a
complete and interdisciplinary perspective on the concept of Chaos,
both in classical mechanics in its deterministic version, and in
quantum mechanics. This book expounds some of the most wide ranging
questions in science, from uncovering the fingerprints of classical
chaotic dynamics in quantum systems, to predicting the fate of our
own planetary system. Its seven articles are also highly
pedagogical, as befits their origin in lectures to a broad
scientific audience. Highlights include a complete description by
the mathematician E. Ghys of the paradigmatic Lorenz attractor, and
of the famed Lorenz butterfly effect as it is understood today,
illuminating the fundamental mathematical issues at play with
deterministic chaos; a detailed account by the experimentalist S.
Fauve of the masterpiece experiment, the von Karman Sodium or VKS
experiment, which established in 2007 the spontaneous generation of
a magnetic field in a strongly turbulent flow, including its
reversal, a model of Earth's magnetic field; a simple toy model by
the theorist U. Smilansky - the discrete Laplacian on finite
d-regular expander graphs - which allows one to grasp the essential
ingredients of quantum chaos, including its fundamental link to
random matrix theory; a review by the mathematical physicists P.
Bourgade and J.P. Keating, which illuminates the fascinating
connection between the distribution of zeros of the Riemann
-function and the statistics of eigenvalues of random unitary
matrices, which could ultimately provide a spectral interpretation
for the zeros of the -function, thus a proof of the celebrated
Riemann Hypothesis itself; an article by a pioneer of experimental
quantum chaos, H-J. Stoeckmann, who shows in detail how experiments
on the propagation of microwaves in 2D or 3D chaotic cavities
beautifully verify theoretical predictions; a thorough presentation
by the mathematical physicist S. Nonnenmacher of the "anatomy" of
the eigenmodes of quantized chaotic systems, namely of their
macroscopic localization properties, as ruled by the Quantum
Ergodic theorem, and of the deep mathematical challenge posed by
their fluctuations at the microscopic scale; a review, both
historical and scientific, by the astronomer J. Laskar on the
stability, hence the fate, of the chaotic Solar planetary system we
live in, a subject where he made groundbreaking contributions,
including the probabilistic estimate of possible planetary
collisions. This book should be of broad general interest to both
physicists and mathematicians.
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