After the collapse of the Berlin wall in 1989 and disintegration of the Soviet Union, scholars focused on the problems of legal transitions within the newly emerging democracies. Two decades on, these states are in 'post-transition' conditions; having undergone and continuing to experience political, economic and constitutional upheavals to varying degrees. This book provides an interdisciplinary perspective on this largely unexamined topic. Part I of the book sets the scene with a socio-historical overview and a theoretical chapter; both of which contextualise the book within current debates and provide the theoretical direction of the book as a whole. The later chapters set out contrasting perspectives and consist of themed essays on individual legal systems, investigating these through approaches ranging from socio-legal study to political economy. The book aims to refine important directions for the comparative conceptual study of criminal law policy and processes of criminalisation in emerging democratic states. The result is a significant contribution to the understanding of this subject in the fields of criminology, law, philosophy and political science. The book will appeal to academics, policy-makers and practitioners who are attempting to grapple with the area of "transitions" in the fields of criminology, law, philosophy and political science. As a distinctively interdisciplinary text, it brings together analysis of both the social processes of creating (and abandoning) criminal law and a philosophical reflection. The book provides a comprehensive and critical analysis which points to future directions in criminalisation in the emerging democratic states of Eastern Europe.

London's "black cabs" are famous the world over. Their distinctive shape makes them easy to spot in traffic and they have carried London's residents and visitors alike in safety and security. Now they have become commonplace in British towns and cities from Scotland to the South-west of England, and yet they remain essentially an icon of London. But what makes them the way they are? Why are they that special shape? And do they have to be black? Taking you from way before motorised cabs first appeared, up to the present day, this compact book tells you all you need to know about the many types that heave served London; how they have changed, and yet remained essentially the same.

After the collapse of the Berlin wall in 1989 and disintegration of the Soviet Union, scholars focused on the problems of legal transitions within the newly emerging democracies. Two decades on, these states are in 'post-transition' conditions; having undergone and continuing to experience political, economic and constitutional upheavals to varying degrees. This book provides an interdisciplinary perspective on this largely unexamined topic. Part I of the book sets the scene with a socio-historical overview and a theoretical chapter; both of which contextualise the book within current debates and provide the theoretical direction of the book as a whole. The later chapters set out contrasting perspectives and consist of themed essays on individual legal systems, investigating these through approaches ranging from socio-legal study to political economy. The book aims to refine important directions for the comparative conceptual study of criminal law policy and processes of criminalisation in emerging democratic states. The result is a significant contribution to the understanding of this subject in the fields of criminology, law, philosophy and political science. The book will appeal to academics, policy-makers and practitioners who are attempting to grapple with the area of "transitions" in the fields of criminology, law, philosophy and political science. As a distinctively interdisciplinary text, it brings together analysis of both the social processes of creating (and abandoning) criminal law and a philosophical reflection. The book provides a comprehensive and critical analysis which points to future directions in criminalisation in the emerging democratic states of Eastern Europe.

Crime, Critique and Utopia examines the relationship between Utopia and the political through an analysis of utopian conceptualisations around crime and justice. It addresses the relevance of utopian principles in relation to a range of issues of direct and contemporary relevance to criminology, investigating theoretical possibilities, the use of utopian methods, and the application of utopian principles, in the quest for a transformative agenda within criminology and beyond.This book refines important social and historical themes of utopian construct from a criminological perspective, examining the interconnections between theoretical work on Utopia and political doctrines such as abolitionism and anarchism. It provides a critical analysis of criminal law and state policy on crime, considering various aspects of the utopian 'impulse' as it shapes criminological and abolitionist thinking.This edited collection includes contributions from Sarah Armstrong (Glasgow University, UK), Lynne Copson (University of Edinburgh, UK), Michael Lowy (CNRS, France), Mike Nellis (University of Strathclyde, UK), Vincenzo Ruggiero (Middlesex University, UK), David Scott (University of Central Lancashire, UK) and Loic Wacquant (University of California at Berkeley, USA).

This book explores the relevance of utopia in relation to contemporary criminology. The range of contributors explore the application of a utopian method for uncovering the potential within criminology and criminal justice, as well as the relevance of the utopian impulse for developing a challenge to the status quo in academia and beyond.

Full-time four-wheel drive transformed road cars in the nineteen-eighties, adding speed, excitement and safety and the Ferguson Formula was at the heart of that revolution. Though the Audi quattro made the world sit up and take notice of full-time four-wheel drive, its technology was not available to any other maker and indeed Audi came to adopt Ferguson technology in their next generation of quattro models. Full-time four-wheel drive was the dream of racing driver Fred Dixon, to make cars safer on the road. Harry Ferguson, of tractor-making fame, backed the idea and, under the control of Le Mans winner Tony Rolt the talented engineering team built some astonishing cars, sometimes behind the scenes and in secrecy. Traction for Sale is the story of two companies; Harry Ferguson Research, which did all the backbreaking development work and FF Developments, who succeeded in delivering the technology to the world's car makers. In telling the story of the Ferguson Formula, the book brings life some of the most remarkable cars of the '60s, '70s and '80s, from the Jensen FF, the first car in the world with full-time, automatic four-wheel drive, through the development vehicles like the Ford Zephyr V6 and Ford Mustang 4x4, the Capri 4x4 and the British Army's top-secret Opel Senators, to competition cars like the astonishing Lotus 56 turbine Indy and F1 cars, rally cars like the Ford RS200, MG Metro 6R4 and Lancia Delta Integrale and on to production cars like the legendary Sierra XR4x4 and Escort Cosworth Turbo and the original Volvo XC90. This book is indispensable reading for all Ford and Jensen enthusiasts, students of the British motor industry and anyone interested in 80s-era 4x4 road and rally cars.