As a platform for nanoscience and nanotechnology, nanorods have witnessed an explosion of interest in recent years because of the various types, advances in synthesis, and the novel thermal, optoelectronic, chemical and mechanical properties due to their unique one-dimensional geometry. Given many new functions and/or greatly enhanced performance promisingly offered by the semiconductor nanorods, as well as the demand for ever more compact and powerful systems, nanorods surpass the traditional films and emerge as a significant class of materials. This book reviews the main strategies to fabricate nanorod building blocks which are available to researchers, the unique properties offered by nanorods, and potential exciting applications in electrical and optoelectronic devices with our focus on light emitters.