Modelling transport and mixing by turbulence in complex flows are huge challenges for computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This highly readable book introduces readers to modelling levels that respect the physical complexity of turbulent flows. It examines the hierarchy of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) closures in various situations ranging from fundamental flows to three-dimensional industrial and environmental applications. The general second-moment closure is simplified to linear eddy-viscosity models, demonstrating how to assess the applicability of simpler schemes and the conditions under which they give satisfactory predictions. The principal changes for the second edition reflect the impact of computing power: a new chapter devoted to unsteady RANS and another on how large-eddy simulation, LES, and RANS strategies can be effectively combined for particular applications. This book will remain the standard for those in industry and academia seeking expert guidance on the modelling options available, and for graduate students in physics, applied mathematics and engineering entering the world of turbulent flow CFD.

This book is the first to present a detailed and critical appraisal of the geo-scale engineering interventions that have been proposed as potential measures to counter the devastation of run-away global warming. Early chapters set the scene with a discussion of projections of future CO2 emissions and techniques for predicting climate tipping points. Subsequent chapters then review proposals to limit CO2 concentrations through improved energy technologies, removal of CO2 from the atmosphere, and stimulated uptake by the oceans. Schemes for solar radiation management involving the reflection of sunlight back into space and using artificially brightened clouds and stratospheric aerosols are also assessed. Pros and cons of the various schemes are thoroughly examined - throwing light on the passionate public debate about their safety. Written by a group of the world's leading authorities on the subject, this comprehensive reference is essential reading for researchers and government policy makers at Copenhagen and beyond.