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Increasingly, the governments of virtually all industrialised
countries are confronted with persistent problems of unemployment
and low pay for those with little formal education and few skills.
To combat this growing problem, various countries are utilising
different remedies - usually with disappointing results.Policy
Measures for Low-Wage Employment in Europe is a focused and
up-to-date set of studies highlighting several important new
findings. The book considers in-depth policy measures in the areas
of taxation, benefits and employer subsidies aimed at the
low-skilled and illustrates the limitations of short-term
solutions. The policy debate is extended to encompass the role of
product demand related to low-paid, low-skilled work and to the
functioning of the labour market. In particular, the study
investigates the role of job satisfaction and turn over in two
major low-paying sectors - the retail trade and the hotel industry.
This book will prove a valuable contribution to the literature for
labour economists and policymakers at European and national level
and policy officers of trade union and employment organisations.
Those interested in labour market problems will also find the work
to be a fascinating read.
Social cohesion is one of the declared objectives of the European
Union and, with some 16% of EU citizens at risk of poverty, the
need to fight poverty and social exclusion continues as a major
challenge. This book provides an in-depth analysis of the EU Social
Inclusion Process, the means by which it hopes to meet this
objective, and explores the challenges ahead at local, regional,
national and EU levels. It sets out concrete proposals for taking
the Process forward. The book provides a unique analysis of policy
formulation and assessment. Setting out the evolution and current
state of EU cooperation in social policy, it examines what can be
learned about poverty and social exclusion from the EU commonly
agreed indicators. Taking the position of outside, but informed,
observers, the authors explore the further development of the
common indicators, including the implications of Enlargement, and
consider the challenges of advancing the Social Inclusion Process -
strengthening policy analysis, embedding the Process in domestic
policies and making it more effective. Proposing the setting of
targets and restructuring of National Action Plans and their
implementation, they emphasise the need for widespread "ownership"
of the Process at domestic and EU level and for it to demonstrate
significant progress in reducing poverty and social exclusion. The
book will be invaluable to academics, students and policy-makers at
sub-national, national and EU levels as well as to social partners,
and NGOs working towards a more inclusive society.
Modern Irish is a VSO language, in common with the other Celtic
languages, and the order of elements in the structure of transitive
sentences is verb-subject-object. This book provides a
characterisation of the nominal, verb, clause and information
structure of the Irish language from a functional perspective based
on Role and Reference Grammar. We include in this analysis the
layered structure of the noun phrase of Irish and the various NP
operators, the layered structure of the clause and the verbal
system at the syntax-semantic interface along with a number of verb
valence behaviours as mediated by event and argument structure.
Additionally, we survey previous treatments of Irish within a
functionalist approach. The verbal noun has a special place within
the Irish language and its deployment is particularly productive.
We examine the derivation of the verbal noun and the contexts in
which it is used. We also provide an account of light verbs and
complex predicates as they occur within Irish and link this to a
characterisation of the information structure of Irish. We will, in
addition, provide an analysis of certain linguistically interesting
phenomena that are particular to Irish (and the other Celtic
languages) including the two verbs of 'to be'. Within the verbal
system our concern is with the relationship between the semantic
representation of a verbal predicate in the context of a clause and
its syntactic expression through the argument structure of the
verb. We will suggest that lexical specification is via a logical
representation that reflects the aspectual decomposition of the
verbal predicate and that this determines, with an actor-undergoer
hierarchy, the operation of the mapping into syntax via the linking
system. This book will be of interest to all linguists operating
within the broad functional paradigm, along with scholars,
researchers and postgraduate students interested in Irish, in
particular, and the Celtic languages in general.
This book brings together research relating to the economics of
disability in Ireland. It addresses a range of issues of relevance
to the economic circumstances of people with disabilities,
considering topics such as social inclusion, poverty, the labour
market, living standards and public policy. It also considers
issues of specific relevance to children, working-age adults and
older people with disabilities, providing important evidence that
can help improve disability policies, services and supports. Each
chapter presents a clear and relatively non-technical treatment of
the specific topic under consideration, making it accessible to a
greater number of interested readers. In doing so, it provides an
important addition to our knowledge and understanding of the
economics of disability and will serve as a useful and up-to-date
resource for a range of interested parties both in Ireland and
internationally. -- .
This book brings together research relating to the economics of
disability in Ireland. It addresses a range of issues of relevance
to the economic circumstances of people with disabilities,
considering topics such as social inclusion, poverty, the labour
market, living standards and public policy. It also considers
issues of specific relevance to children, working-age adults and
older people with disabilities, providing important evidence that
can help improve disability policies, services and supports. Each
chapter presents a clear and relatively non-technical treatment of
the specific topic under consideration, making it accessible to a
greater number of interested readers. In doing so, it provides an
important addition to our knowledge and understanding of the
economics of disability and will serve as a useful and up-to-date
resource for a range of interested parties both in Ireland and
internationally. -- .
This volume investigates the nature of language, culture,
knowledge, and context, and their interrelationships. Each of these
is defined - in terms of their relationship to language in
particular, and to identify their respective properties. What
exactly is meant by the term knowledge and what are the different
kinds of knowledge? How might this be shared in a dialogue between
two interlocutors, within a shared common ground, in the
realisation of successful speech acts? Cultural and other knowledge
is also found within the linguistic landscape and the artefacts
within our environment. The book explores the ways that language is
central to expressions of knowledge and culture. The purpose of the
book is therefore to draw a comprehensive and representative
picture of the dimensions of meaning, emerging from the
interrelationship between these domains of language, culture,
knowledge, and context.
Social cohesion is one of the declared objectives of the European
Union and, with some 16% of EU citizens at risk of poverty, the
need to fight poverty and social exclusion continues as a major
challenge. This book provides an in-depth analysis of the EU Social
Inclusion Process, the means by which it hopes to meet this
objective, and explores the challenges ahead at local, regional,
national and EU levels. It sets out concrete proposals for taking
the Process forward. The book provides a unique analysis of policy
formulation and assessment. Setting out the evolution and current
state of EU cooperation in social policy, it examines what can be
learned about poverty and social exclusion from the EU commonly
agreed indicators. Taking the position of outside, but informed,
observers, the authors explore the further development of the
common indicators, including the implications of Enlargement, and
consider the challenges of advancing the Social Inclusion Process -
strengthening policy analysis, embedding the Process in domestic
policies and making it more effective. Proposing the setting of
targets and restructuring of National Action Plans and their
implementation, they emphasise the need for widespread "ownership"
of the Process at domestic and EU level and for it to demonstrate
significant progress in reducing poverty and social exclusion. The
book will be invaluable to academics, students and policy-makers at
sub-national, national and EU levels as well as to social partners,
and NGOs working towards a more inclusive society.
This volume investigates the nature of language, culture,
knowledge, and context, and their interrelationships. Each of these
is defined - in terms of their relationship to language in
particular, and to identify their respective properties. What
exactly is meant by the term knowledge and what are the different
kinds of knowledge? How might this be shared in a dialogue between
two interlocutors, within a shared common ground, in the
realisation of successful speech acts? Cultural and other knowledge
is also found within the linguistic landscape and the artefacts
within our environment. The book explores the ways that language is
central to expressions of knowledge and culture. The purpose of the
book is therefore to draw a comprehensive and representative
picture of the dimensions of meaning, emerging from the
interrelationship between these domains of language, culture,
knowledge, and context.
The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality presents a new and
challenging analysis of economic inequality, focusing primarily on
economic inequality in highly developed countries. Bringing
together the world's top scholars this comprehensive and
authoritative volume contains an impressive array of original
research on topics ranging from gender to happiness, from poverty
to top incomes, and from employers to the welfare state. The
authors give their view on the state-of-the-art of scientific
research in their fields of expertise and add their own stimulating
visions on future research. Ideal as an overview of the latest,
cutting-edge research on economic inequality, this is a must have
reference for students and researchers alike.
There has been a remarkable upsurge of debate about increasing
inequalities and their societal implications, reinforced by the
economic crisis but bubbling to the surface before it. This has
been seen in popular discourse, media coverage, political debate,
and research in the social sciences. The central questions
addressed by this book, and the major research project GINI on
which it is based, are: - Have inequalities in income, wealth and
education increased over the past 30 years or so across the rich
countries, and if so why? - What are the social, cultural and
political impacts of increasing inequalities in income, wealth and
education? - What are the implications for policy and for the
future development of welfare states? In seeking to answer these
questions, this book adopts an interdisciplinary approach that
draws on economics, sociology, and political science, and applies
this approach to learning from the experiences over the last three
decades of European countries together with the USA, Japan, Canada,
Australia, and South Korea. It combines comparative research with
lessons from specific country experiences, and highlights the
challenges in seeking to adequately assess the factors underpinning
increasing inequalities and in identify the channels through which
these may impact on key social and political outcomes, as well as
the importance of framing inequality trends and impacts in the
institutional and policy context of the country in question.
Research on poverty in rich countries relies primarily on household
income to capture living standards and distinguish those in
poverty, and this is also true of official poverty measurement and
monitoring. However, awareness of the limitations of income has
been heightening interest in the role that non-monetary measures of
deprivation can play. This book takes as starting-point that
research on poverty and social exclusion has been undergoing a
fundamental shift towards a multidimensional approach; that
researchers and policy-makers alike have struggled to develop
concepts and indicators that do this approach justice; and that
this is highly salient not only within individual countries
(including both Britain and the USA) but also for the European
Union post-enlargement. The difficulties encountered in applying a
multidimensional approach reflect limitations in the information
available but also in the conceptual and empirical underpinnings
provided by existing research.
The central aim of this book is to contribute to the development of
those underpinnings and productive ways of employing non-monetary
indicators of deprivation. It will appeal to readers from diverse
disciplinary perspectives, especially those concerned with
substantive issues and policy implications. In addressing this
audience it also provides a non-technical account of recent
developments in the rapidly expanding academic literature, serving
as a guide to those who wish to explore it in greater depth. The
book maps out the current landscape and the best way forward,
concluding by offering a critical evaluation of the EU's 2020
poverty reduction target.
Poverty alleviation is a central aim of economic and social policy,
and yet there is no consensus about what poverty means or how it is
best measured. Often, the households below an income poverty line
are counted as poor, but there may be no firm basis for
concentrating on that particular income level. There may also be
wide variations among the households below any income poverty line
in terms of their actual living standards. This book explores what
poverty means in developed countries, and shows that understanding
and measuring it requires widening the focus beyond current income.
By using broader measures of resources and information on living
patterns and concrete indicators of deprivation, it shows how those
who are effectively excluded from participation in society due to
lack of resources can be more accurately identified, and the
processes producing such exclusion better understood. The core
issue of this book is how to define and measure poverty in
relatively rich countries in a way which is valid, meaningful in
the context, and valuable for policy-making. Extensive analysis of
data from a specially designed survey of a large representative
sample of Irish households is used to illustrate the arguments.
The European social agenda is at a crucial stage. This book describes the Action Plans on Social Inclusion submitted to the European Union by national governments in June 2001 and investigates the indicators that can be used to assess social progress. It deals in a new way with key issues for social policy in Europe: poverty, income inequality, non-monetary deprivation, low educational attainment, unemployment, joblessness, poor health, poor housing and homelessness, functional illiteracy and innumeracy.
The European social agenda is at a crucial stage. This book, which will be the definitive work on social indicators, describes the Action Plans on Social Inclusion submitted to the European Union by national governments in June 2001 and investigates the indicators that can be used to assess social progress. It deals in a new way with key issues for social policy in Europe: poverty, income inequality, non-monetary deprivation, low educational attainment, unemployment, joblessness, poor health, poor housing and homelessness, functional illiteracy and innumeracy.
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