Intellectual Property and Health Technologies

Balancing Innovation and the Public's Health

Joanna T. Brougher, Esq., MPH

At first glance, ownership of intellectual property seems straightforward: the control over an invention or idea. But with the recent explosion of new scientific discoveries poised to transform public health and healthcare systems, costly and lengthy patent disputes threaten both to undermine the attempts to develop new medical technologies and to keep potentially life-saving treatments from patients who need them.

"Intellectual Property and Health Technologies" grounds readers in patent law and explores how scientific research and enterprise are evolving in response. Geared specifically to the medical disciplines, it differentiates among forms of legal protection for inventors such as copyrights and patents, explains their limits, and argues for balance between competing forces of exclusivity and availability. Chapters delve into the major legal controversies concerning medical and biotechnologies in terms of pricing, markets, and especially the tension between innovation and access, including:

The patent-eligibility of genesThe patent-eligibility of medical process patentsThe rights and roles of universities and inventorsThe balancing of access, innovation, and profit in drug developmentThe tension between biologics, small-molecule drugs, and their generic counterpartsInternational patent law and access to medicine in the developing world

As these issues continue to shape and define the debate, "Intellectual Property and Health Technologies" enables professionals and graduate students in public health, health policy, healthcare administration, and medicine to understand patent law and how it affects the development of medical technology and the delivery of medicine. "

The largest, most comprehensive anthology of its kind, this volume brings together significant, representative stories from every decade of the 20th century. It includes the prose of officially recognized writers and dissidents, both well-known and neglected or forgotten, plus new authors from the end of the 20th century. The selections reflect the various literary trends and approaches to depicting reality in the 20th century: traditional realism, modernism, socialist realism, and post-modernism. Taken as a whole, the stories capture every major aspect of Russian life, history and culture in the 20th century. The rich array of themes and styles will be of tremendous interest to students and readers who want to learn about Russia through the engaging genre of the short story.

The largest, most comprehensive anthology of its kind, this volume brings together significant, representative stories from every decade of the 20th century. It includes the prose of officially recognized writers and dissidents, both well-known and neglected or forgotten, plus new authors from the end of the 20th century. The selections reflect the various literary trends and approaches to depicting reality in the 20th century: traditional realism, modernism, socialist realism, and post-modernism. Taken as a whole, the stories capture every major aspect of Russian life, history and culture in the 20th century. The rich array of themes and styles will be of tremendous interest to students and readers who want to learn about Russia through the engaging genre of the short story.

Intellectual Property and Health Technologies Balancing Innovation and the Public's Health Joanna T. Brougher, Esq., MPH At first glance, ownership of intellectual property seems straightforward: the control over an invention or idea. But with the recent explosion of new scientific discoveries poised to transform public health and healthcare systems, costly and lengthy patent disputes threaten both to undermine the attempts to develop new medical technologies and to keep potentially life-saving treatments from patients who need them. Intellectual Property and Health Technologies grounds readers in patent law and explores how scientific research and enterprise are evolving in response. Geared specifically to the medical disciplines, it differentiates among forms of legal protection for inventors such as copyrights and patents, explains their limits, and argues for balance between competing forces of exclusivity and availability. Chapters delve into the major legal controversies concerning medical and biotechnologies in terms of pricing, markets, and especially the tension between innovation and access, including: The patent-eligibility of genes The patent-eligibility of medical process patents The rights and roles of universities and inventors The balancing of access, innovation, and profit in drug development The tension between biologics, small-molecule drugs, and their generic counterparts International patent law and access to medicine in the developing world As these issues continue to shape and define the debate, Intellectual Property and Health Technologies enables professionals and graduate students in public health, health policy, healthcare administration, and medicine to understand patent law and how it affects the development of medical technology and the delivery of medicine.

One of the visionary multimedia artists of our time, Doug Aitken has worked in every medium: from architecture and photography, to sculpture and film, to installations and interventions. While Aitken's art varies in both theme and context, his installations encourage audience interaction and communal gathering, whether this is accomplished by staging a series of happenings, such as those that took place at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, during his Sleepwalkers exhibition in 2007, or by the creation of large-scale, outdoor installations such as 2009's Sonic Pavilion in Brazil, where he amplified the sounds of the Earth. His film and photography often explore themes of displacement and travel, united by his keen awareness of motion, sound, and color that come together to create his signature, dreamlike landscapes and the futurist aesthetic for which he has become known. His projects defy convention, creating new perspectives by challenging traditional linear narratives. Aitken has collaborated with talents from a broad range of disciplines, from Werner Herzog and Rem Koolhaas to Lou Reed. This beautifully designed book, made in close collaboration with the artist, is the first to examine Aitken's artistic development and surveys his work in all mediums.