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The United States and Iran have been in conflict since the Iranian
Revolution. Iran is seeking to increase its power in the Middle
East while America is seeking to maintain its own power in the
region while simultaneously containing Iran's regional ambitions.
Though there appear to have been attempts by Iranian moderates to
temper Iranian policy towards the US, extremists within Iran's
domestic power structure have successfully blocked any significant
openings. Since at least the Iran-Iraq War, Iran has been
developing nuclear technology to acquire the nuclear fuel cycle.
Doctrinal differences over the employment of airpower are as old as
military aviation itself. One particular area of contention has
been close air support (CAS).The two primary issues related to CAS
are its command and control and responsiveness. Soldiers have
argued that ground commanders should control their own aircraft,
because ownership assures that airpower directly responds to their
needs. Airmen have maintained that airpower should be centralized
under a single air commander to allow for its flexible theater wide
employment. During World War II, Korea, Vietnam, and Desert Storm,
ground commanders demanded greater influence over airpower
employment. Concurrently, the Air Force disagreed with the Navy and
Marine Corps over centralized versus decentralized control of air
assets. These two issues of command and control and responsiveness
are embodied in the process of apportioning and allocating CAS. In
all conflicts since World War II, the United States has had the
luxury of an overabundance of air assets. Despite a facade of
centralization, airpower was parceled out to fill nearly everyone's
needs. This avoided the need for any difficult choices. This study
follows the history of CAS since World War II to examine how it has
been apportioned and allocated in the past. It then examines the
current joint air operations process. It is the contention of this
study that the current system, rooted in its historical past, does
not fully employ CAS to its optimum potential. The historical view
of CAS has been as a tactical measure, with limited localized
effects. However, properly integrated and coequal with the ground
scheme of maneuver, it can have operational level effects. This
study examines two theories of the use of CAS at the operational
level and then recommends changes to the view of CAS and the
process for its apportionment and allocation.
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