This book analyses the recent modernisation of EU State aid law from various perspectives, and considers both substantive and procedural aspects. It also discusses the reasons for, and the goals and future implications of the modernisation programme, including the evolution of the concept of State aid. The ambitious reform programme was launched in 2012 and has now been almost fully implemented by virtue of the adoption of new rules of procedure in July 2013, and exemption in June 2014. The book highlights the main aspects of this sector reform, which include the Commission's change of attitude towards so-called positive aid, i.e. those able to promote economic growth, and the intention to focus on matters of greater systematic extent. These objectives also imply a third aspect: increasing the intensity of the control powers conferred on the Commission with regard to that aid that prove to be harmful to competition and the internal market. The book also examines the greater responsibility given to States for self-assessment of their economic policy measures, and explores the resulting impact on, and challenges posed to the administrations of the Member States. The book's second part is devoted to the application State aid rules in the area of services of general economic interest, with a special focus on aid in the field of social health and infrastructure.

The demand for new and increased legal services brought about by the process of European integration, closer relations among Member States, and changes in the way services are delivered under the influence of new technologies have called for adjustments in legislation and regulations and given rise to a significant alteration in the role of lawyers and the legal profession in general. Lingering 'old' rules - which tend to safeguard the interests of the profession rather than those of individuals, whether users or consumers - are clearly on the reform docket. This book shows how the necessary openness of the legal profession at the European level may be achieved. With a depth and synthesis not attempted by previous scholars, the author examines in turn the relevant EU legislation and case law and the laws of each of the 27 Member States affecting the practice of law. Exposing the problems that arise in a European and comparative context, he examines such contentious issues as the following: - certification and recognition systems; - competition rules; - consumer protection; - cross-border trade in services; - 'crystallization' of sectoral interests; - inadequate intervention by public authorities; - fee scales and remuneration; - formation of professional companies; - quality of service; - advertising; - professional conduct; and - professional liability and insurance. Focusing on the differences in and the common aspects of the profession as regulated in all the jurisdictions encompassed by the EU, this inquiry and research offers well-thought-out solutions consonant with current trends and puts forward proposals consistent with Community law obligations. The book makes a major contribution to the definition of the as-yet unachieved figure of the 'European lawyer,' and will be of great interest to students and teachers of European law and European integration, as well as to lawyers engaged in cross-border practice in Europe.