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Now more than ever, the criminal justice system, and the programs,
policies, and practices within it, are subject to increased public
scrutiny, due to well-founded concerns over effectiveness,
fairness, and potential unintended consequences. One of the best
means to address these concerns is to draw upon evidence-based
approaches demonstrated to be effective through empirical research,
rather than through anecdote, standard practice, or professional
experience alone (National Institute of Justice, 2011). The goal of
this book is to describe the most useful, actionable, and
evidence-based solutions to many of the most pressing questions in
the criminal justice system today. Specifically, this edited volume
contains brief and accessible summaries of the best available
research, alongside detailed descriptions of evidence-based
practices, across different areas of the criminal justice system.
It is written so that practitioners and researchers alike can use
the text as reference tool in their work and in training the new
generation of individuals working to improve the system.
Researchers and practitioners in many areas of criminal justice –
crime prevention, policing, courts (prosecution, defendants,
judges), corrections, sanctions, and sentencing – can reference
specific chapters in this book to guide their policy and practice
decisions. Although theory is a guide for the practices described,
the chapters will address practical issues in implementation and
action. This book overcomes the limitations of previous criminal
justice practice books in that it is written as a practice resource
and reference guide and spans practices and policies across
different sectors of the criminal justice system – from
prevention to policing to sanctions and corrections. Each chapter
contains a list of action items, based upon the best available
scientific research, that can be implemented in practice to address
key issues and long standing challenges in the criminal justice
system.
Offender profiling is an investigative tool used to narrow down the
range of potential suspects for a crime by predicting the
personality, behavioral, and demographic characteristics that an
offender is likely to possess, based upon information collected at
the crime scene. While offender profiling has been popularized by
TV shows and movies such as Criminal Minds, Silence of the Lambs,
and Mindhunter, the real-world impact of offender profiling is
largely unknown. This book discusses the history of offender
profiling, summarizes research on offender profiling methods, and
reviews offender profiling evaluations of accuracy and applied
impact. This book also describes a promising new offender profiling
methodology called evidence-based offender profiling. This new
method relies upon empirical data and scientific methods to
develop, evaluate, and replicate offender profiles, thereby
increasing offender profiling's accuracy and utility for active
police investigations. It uses prior information about statistical
regularities between types of offenders and types of offenses to
predict the characteristics of offenders in unsolved cases. A
discussion of the future of offender profiling research and
implications for law enforcement is also included. This book also
explains how practitioners can benefit from the use of empirically
tested and validated profiles in their unsolved investigations and
how the use, continued research, and evaluation of evidence-based
offender profiling can advance the quality, prestige, and utility
of the field of offender profiling.
American law enforcement, and the public’s perception of police,
is a topic of growing interest among academics, practitioners, and
policymakers. From the 2014 events in Ferguson, MO, and the alleged
"Ferguson Effect", to the debate over the impact of body-worn
cameras (BWCs), police militarization, use of force, and other
practices that may alter the public’s view of police legitimacy
and procedural justice, there is an increasing need for research
addressing these contemporary issues in American policing. This
book presents the latest research on these topics, as well as
related topics noted in the Presidential Task Force on 21st Century
Policing, such as police use of technology, transparency,
oversight, and building trust with the community. The studies
contained in this book examine these issues by leveraging empirical
data on policing, public perceptions, crime, and diverse research
methods, to present high-quality analysis of these timely and
relevant topics in today’s world. The chapters in this book were
originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Crime and
Justice.
American law enforcement, and the public's perception of police, is
a topic of growing interest among academics, practitioners, and
policymakers. From the 2014 events in Ferguson, MO, and the alleged
"Ferguson Effect", to the debate over the impact of body-worn
cameras (BWCs), police militarization, use of force, and other
practices that may alter the public's view of police legitimacy and
procedural justice, there is an increasing need for research
addressing these contemporary issues in American policing. This
book presents the latest research on these topics, as well as
related topics noted in the Presidential Task Force on 21st Century
Policing, such as police use of technology, transparency,
oversight, and building trust with the community. The studies
contained in this book examine these issues by leveraging empirical
data on policing, public perceptions, crime, and diverse research
methods, to present high-quality analysis of these timely and
relevant topics in today's world. The chapters in this book were
originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Crime and
Justice.
Offender profiling is an investigative tool used to narrow down the
range of potential suspects for a crime by predicting the
personality, behavioral, and demographic characteristics that an
offender is likely to possess, based upon information collected at
the crime scene. While offender profiling has been popularized by
TV shows and movies such as Criminal Minds, Silence of the Lambs,
and Mindhunter, the real-world impact of offender profiling is
largely unknown. This book discusses the history of offender
profiling, summarizes research on offender profiling methods, and
reviews offender profiling evaluations of accuracy and applied
impact. This book also describes a promising new offender profiling
methodology called evidence-based offender profiling. This new
method relies upon empirical data and scientific methods to
develop, evaluate, and replicate offender profiles, thereby
increasing offender profiling's accuracy and utility for active
police investigations. It uses prior information about statistical
regularities between types of offenders and types of offenses to
predict the characteristics of offenders in unsolved cases. A
discussion of the future of offender profiling research and
implications for law enforcement is also included. This book also
explains how practitioners can benefit from the use of empirically
tested and validated profiles in their unsolved investigations and
how the use, continued research, and evaluation of evidence-based
offender profiling can advance the quality, prestige, and utility
of the field of offender profiling.
This Brief examines the "militarization" of law enforcement in the
United States through the lens of the stakeholders primarily
responsible for implementing, funding, and enacting the practice.
Largely a result of policies such as the war on drugs, war on
terror, and the 1033 program, there has been a gradual but dramatic
rise in the use of military-grade weapons, equipment, and tactics
used by police agencies across the United States. This Brief
examines the level of support for various aspects of police
militarization by lawmakers, police executives, and local police
officers, and how their opinions may differ based upon their
current position or demographic features using a series of analyses
and propensity score matching techniques. This Brief also provides
an overview of some of the key policy changes responsible for
police militarization, and provides insights into the views held by
policymakers and law enforcement on various aspects of the
practice. The results indicate that while many responsible for this
shift are in favor of paramilitary procurement programs, there are
differing opinions on key issues such as oversight and use of
military-grade weapons, equipment and paramilitary tactics. This
work will be of interest to researchers in criminology and criminal
justice, particularly those with an interest in policing studies,
as well as related fields such as public policy, public
administration, emergency management, and sociology.
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