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The Ancient and Medieval Roots of Insurance This richly detailed history examines the: "(i) origin and development of the contract of Bottomry and Respondentia down to the 11th century A.D. (ii) the traces of methods of insurance other than life known to the Ancients (iii) The Question whether life assurance was known and practised by the Romans or their predecessors (iv) The history of the development of mediaeval insurance in the Low Countries from the family group system and of modern insurance therefrom" (1)." Originally submitted as a thesis to the University of London by the late Dr. C.F. Trenerry, whose intention it was to recast it for publication. Edited by Ethel L. Gover and Agnes S. Paul. CONTENTS Introduction and Summary PART I Origin and Development of Contract of Bottomry and Respondentia Down to the 11th Century A.D. CH. I The Origin and Development of the Contract of Bottomry CH. II The Origin of the Contract of Bottomry, Prior to 250 B.C. CH. III The Contract as Known to the Hindus CH. IV The Contract as Known to the Greeks CH. V The Contract as Known to the Romans PART II Traces of Methods of Insurance Other than Life Known to the Ancients CH. VI Marine Insurance (Other than Bottomry) Practised by the Romans CH. VII Contracts of Indemnity Used by the Romans PART III Whether Life Assurance was Known to the Ancients CH. VIII Life Assurance as Known to the Romans CH. IX Probability that the Romans Had Some Means by which Loss Arising through Death Might be Reduced or Nullified CH. X Allusions to Longevity, Mortality, Etc., by Early Writers CH. XI Sufficiency of the Knowledge of Mathematics and of Finance Possessed by the Romans During the Early Empire for the Calculations Required CH. XII Tables of Annuity Values Which Were Sanctioned by the Roman Law for Purposes of the Lex Falcidia CH. XIII Actuarial Knowledge Not Essential for Transaction of Life Assurance Business CH. XIV Manner of Making Contracts of Non-mutual Life Assurance and of Transacting the Legal Part of the Business CH. XV Nature and Essential Parts of a Contract of Life Assurance CH. XVI Societies Among the Greeks and Romans Which Provided Funds at Death or Members for Burial or Other Purposes, With or Without Other Benefits CH. XVII The Roman Civilian (I.E. Non-Military) Societies CH. XVIII The Roman Veterans' Societies CH. XIX The Roman Military Societies CH. XX Non-Mutual Contracts for Payment on Death of a Person or Persons as Known to the Romans CH. XXI Examination of Other Extracts from Roman Law which Deal with Contracts of a Similar Nature PART IV Development of Modern Insurance from the Family Group System as Exemplified in Belgium CH. XXII Derivation of Modern Insurance CH. XXIII Development of Communal Insurance from Family Group System CH. XXIV Non-Mutual Insurance Between 1227 and 1310 CH. XXV Marine Insurance CH. XXVI Life Assurance CH. XXVII Marine and Other Insurance in Other Countries APPENDICES BIBLIOGRAPH

Subtitle: And the General Committee for 1875, Being a Brief History of the Tammany Hall Democracy From 1834 to the Present Time General Books publication date: 2009 Original publication date: 1875 Original Publisher: M. B. Brown, Printer Notes: This is a black and white OCR reprint of the original. It has no illustrations and there may be typos or missing text. When you buy the General Books edition of this book you get free trial access to Million-Books.com where you can select from more than a million books for free. Excerpt: It must be acknowledged by those whose minds are not too strongly- tainted with the poison of political prejudice, in studying the characters of those forming the General Committee in Tammany Hall, that they will most favorably compare with those in any other political organization in our city or State. With such men as have been mentioned -- many of them moving in the higher circles of society, and an honor to our mercantile and financial community; others gracing the bench of the higher courts of our judiciary; others resplendent lights of the bar of our State; and many, also, following honest and profitable vocations of the most useful and meritorious character, forming a galaxy of intelligence unsurpassed -- the voice of detraction must be silent against them. . It is well known that men who engage in public life must expect to find that they will be the subject of everybody's opinion -- that of the malicious and vulgar; of the brutal and the ignorant; and of the intelligent and the learned. Though frequently treated harshly, and the victims, sometimes, of great injustice, the true and worthy man has nothing to fear from the noisy murmers that reach his ears from the lips of those who ever fail to applaud and appreciate virtue, and who frequently are ready to condone and excuse crime. The man, in any sphere of life, who conducts himself with propriety and honesty, who has no reason to conceal his acts from public view, need care b...

Subtitle: And the General Committee for 1875, Being a Brief History of the Tammany Hall Democracy From 1834 to the Present Time General Books publication date: 2009 Original publication date: 1875 Original Publisher: M. B. Brown, Printer Notes: This is a black and white OCR reprint of the original. It has no illustrations and there may be typos or missing text. When you buy the General Books edition of this book you get free trial access to Million-Books.com where you can select from more than a million books for free. Excerpt: It must be acknowledged by those whose minds are not too strongly- tainted with the poison of political prejudice, in studying the characters of those forming the General Committee in Tammany Hall, that they will most favorably compare with those in any other political organization in our city or State. With such men as have been mentioned -- many of them moving in the higher circles of society, and an honor to our mercantile and financial community; others gracing the bench of the higher courts of our judiciary; others resplendent lights of the bar of our State; and many, also, following honest and profitable vocations of the most useful and meritorious character, forming a galaxy of intelligence unsurpassed -- the voice of detraction must be silent against them. . It is well known that men who engage in public life must expect to find that they will be the subject of everybody's opinion -- that of the malicious and vulgar; of the brutal and the ignorant; and of the intelligent and the learned. Though frequently treated harshly, and the victims, sometimes, of great injustice, the true and worthy man has nothing to fear from the noisy murmers that reach his ears from the lips of those who ever fail to applaud and appreciate virtue, and who frequently are ready to condone and excuse crime. The man, in any sphere of life, who conducts himself with propriety and honesty, who has no reason to conceal his acts from public view, need care b...

The Politics of Ethnic Consciousness criticizes essentialist and unitary notions of ethnicity and shows the complex interaction between historical processes, recent political developments and competing views within and about ethnic groups. Welcoming the social constructionist turn, the editors disagree with its overemphasis on the arbitrary character of ethnic identification and the neglect of political economy. Contributions on such diverse regions as Brazil, Ghana, Macedonia and Sri Lanka, examine the multivocal process of the construction and reconstruction of ethnic identities through time.