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Approximately half of the world production of the petrochemical
industry (more than 100 million tonnes) is in the form of polymers,
yet it would probably surprise most people to learn how much their
lifestyle depends on polymers ranging, as they do, from detergents,
kitchenware and electrical appliances to furnishings and a myriad
other domestic goods. Still less are they likely to be aware of the
extensive part they play in engineering applications for mechanical
machine components and advanced high performance aircraft. This
versatility derives from the fact that polymeric materials are made
up of a range of molecules of varying length, whose properties are
related to molecular structure and the proportions of the chains in
the mixture. For example, polypropylene is a commodity polymer
which is produced in hun dreds of different grades to meet specific
market requirements. This depends on the catalyst as well as the
operating conditions and reactor design. A major area for growth is
in substituting polymers for conventional materials such as
ceramics and metals. Not only can they match these materials in
terms of mechanical strength and robustness but they have very good
resistance to chemical attack. Polyamides, for example, are widely
used for car bumpers and new polymers are being developed for
engine manifolds and covers. In 1993 there is, typically, 100 kg of
various polymers used in cars and this is continually increasing,
giving a net weight reduction and hence better fuel economy."
Integrated circuits are finding ever wider applications through a
range of industries. Introduction to VLSI Process Engineering
presents the design principles for devices, describes the overall
VLSI process, and deals with the essential manufacturing
technologies and inspection procedures.
Integrated circuits are finding ever wider applications through a
range of industries. Introduction to VLSI Process Engineering
presents the design principles for devices, describes the overall
VLSI process, and deals with the essential manufacturing
technologies and inspection procedures.
This book provides a definitive source of information on the
chemical reaction engineering aspects of polymer production
processes. Recent reviews in the USA by the Chemical Society and
the Institute of Chemical Engineers have concluded that polymers
will continue to grow in importance as they are tailored to suit
specific applications. This book focuses on engineering aspects of
reactor design and operation and, in particular, how the properties
of polymers are determined by the relationships between chemical
kinetics and mechanical design. This book should be of interest to
chemical engineers who need to understand reaction engineering
concepts and techniques for polymer systems as well as advanced
students of polymer science and engineering, materials science and
chemistry.
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