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This book provides a critical history of the distinctive tradition
of Indian secularism known as Tolerance. Since it was first
advanced by Mohandas Gandhi, the Tolerance ideal has measured
secularism and civil religiosity by contrast with proselytizing
religion. In India today, it informs debates over how the right to
religious freedom should be interpreted on the subcontinent. Not
only has Tolerance been an important political ideal in India since
the early twentieth century; the framing assumptions of Tolerance
permeate historical understandings among scholars of South Asian
religion and politics. In conventional accounts, the emergence of
Tolerance during the 1920s is described as a victory of Indian
secularism over the intolerant practice of shuddhi "proselytizing",
pursued by reformist Hindus of the Arya Samaj, that was threatening
harmonious Hindu-Muslim relations. This study shows that the
designation of shuddhi as religious proselytizing was not fixed; it
was the product of decades of political struggle. The book traces
the conditions for the emergence of Tolerance, and the
circumstances of its first deployment, by examining the history of
debates surrounding Arya Samaj activities in north India between
1880 and 1930. It asks what political considerations governed
Indian actors' efforts to represent shuddhi as religious on
different occasions; and it asks what was lost in translation when
they did. It reveals that by framing shuddhi decisively as a
religious matter, Tolerance functioned to disengage Indian
secularism from the politics of caste.
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