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Finite Elements in Water Resources - Proceedings of the 4th International Conference, Hannover, Germany, June 1982 (Paperback, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1982)
K -P Holz, U Meissner, W Zielke, C.A. Brebbia, G. Pinder, …
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These proceedings contain the papers presented at the Fourth
International Conference on Finite Elements in Water Resources,
held in June, 1982, at the University of Hannover, Federal Re
public of Germany. This Conference continued the successful series
of previous conferences held at Princeton University in 1976, at
Imperial College in 1978, and at the University of Mississippi in
1980. Since Finite Elements have proved to be a powerful means for
analysing water resource problems, the principal objective of the
Conference was to provide an exchange of experiences in practical
applications of the finite element method and to establish a forum
for discussion regarding accuracy, economy, limitations and
improvements. Related discretization methods were included within
the scope of the Conference. New develop ments in numerical and
computational techniques, basic mathe matical formulations, and
soft- and hardware aspects were considered to be equally important
topics for an exchange of ideas between both theoretically and
practically oriented re searchers. The Conference Organizing
Committee is very grateful to the many distinguished scientists who
attended the Conference, and for their contributions towards the
proceedings. This collection of papers in being made available to a
wider audience of en gineers and scientists by CML Publications in
Southampton, U.K.
This book contains the edited proceedings of the 2nd Internat-
ional Conference on Computationa1 Methods and Experimental Meas-
urements held on board the QE2 liner from 27th June to 2nd Ju1y
1984. The meeting was sponsored by the International Society for
Computationa1 Methods in Engineering and the Department of Civi1
Engineering, Southampton University and organized by the
Computationa1 Mechanics Institute of Southampton, England. The QE2
provided an ideal environment for the international meeting and one
that was equa11y convenient for the USA and European re- searchers
and offered a 10cation propitious to the interchange of ideas and
c10se contact between participants. This book covers a wide range
of different topics in Computat- iona1 Methods and Experimental
Measurements with the main empha- sis on the re1ationships between
experimental and ana1ytica1 5- utions. The first section deals with
fluid dynamics problems and a 1arge number of app1ications. Section
2 considers geophysica1 fluid dynamics and describes some
atmospheric models and their re1ated problems. Water resources are
dealt with in Section 3 which describes some app1ications of porous
media f10w and sur- face water mode11ing. Wave interaction problems
are described in Section 4 and Section 5 considers some important
heat transfer app1ications. Other sections - 6 & 7 - study
problems re1ated to stress analysis and structura1 app1ications.
Vibration pro- blems are becoming of fundamental importance in
engineering and part of the Conference Proceedings - Section 8 -
are dedicated to the study of experimental and computational
models.
One of the most interesting developments in engineering analysis
during the last few years has been the rapid growth of boundary
element methods. The first and second international conferences on
this topic held in 1978 and 1980 attracted approximately 30 papers
each, most of them from a few well known groups around the world.
The third meeting in 1981, produced instead approximately 40
papers, many of them from young investigators working in newly
created research groups. They have been attracted to boundary
elements by the many advantages of the technique and were able to
assimilate rapidly, the new ideas unencumbered by previous con
ceptions. That third conference held in 1981 constituted in many
ways a turning point for boundary elements and it indicated for the
first time a general awareness of the industry to the research
being carried out in the new technique. Engineering firms started
to appreciate the advantages of the method mainly from the computa
tional aided engineering point of view. The advantages of simple
data input and output was rapidly understood by those professional
engineers who were forced up to them to use cumbersome finite
element codes. Boundary element practitioners in close contacts
with the industry started to perceive that the method was gather
ing a critical momentum of its own. This is now more evident by the
diversity and quality of the papers in this volume, which are the
edited Proceedings of the 4th International Conference, held at the
University of Southampton in September 1982."
This book is the edited proceedings of the Fifth International
Conference on Finite Elements in Water Resources, held at the
University of Vermont, USA in June 1984. This Conference cont inues
the successful series started at Princeton University in 1976,
followed by the Conference in Imperial College, London, UK in 1978,
the third Conference at the University of Mississippi, USA in 1980
and the fourth at the University of Hannover, Germany in 1982. The
objective of this Conference is to provide engineers and scientists
interested in water resources with the state-of-t- art on finite
element modelling. The Proceedings review the basic theory and
applications of the technique in groundwater and seepage, transport
phenomena, viscous flow, river, lake and ocean modelling. The
fundamentals of the numerical techniques employed in finite
elements are also discussed. Many applications illus trate the
versatility and generality of the Finite Element Method for the
simulation of a wide range of problems in water resources. More
recent schemes, in particular, boundary elements, are also
presented, together with a series of advanced numerical techniques.
The Conference has become an internationally accepted forum for the
presentation of new developments of finite elements in water
resources techniques. Because of this, a large number of abstracts
were submitted to the Organizing Committee and it is our only reg
ret that it was impossible to accept all these contributions. The
overwhelming response to our Call for Papers has ensured the high
quality of these proceedings.
The application of BEM in all fields of engineering and science has
progressed at an accelerate rate since the first book on the method
appeared in the late seventies. In particular the advantages of BEM
for potential problems are essential to solve a whole range of
electrical engineering problems. Previous volumes in this series
have focussed on the state of the art in other fields while this
volume discusses only problems related to electrical engineering.
The book reviews a series of important applications such as the
design of semiconductor devices and their thermal analysis. The
following two chapters concentrate on the study of galvanic
corrosion and cathodic protection. Chapter 4 deals with the design
of capacitance transducers. The next three chapters concentrate on
the applications of the method to simulate electrochemical problems
with special reference to Plating Process. The last chapter in the
book discusses the case of inverse problems in electrical
engineering and presents some applications including their use in
tomography.
VI SOCRATES: I think that we ought to stress that we will write
only about things that we have first hand experience in, in a
coherent way that will be useful to engineers and other scientists
and stressing the formulation without being too mathematical. We
should write with integrity and honesty, giving reference to other
authors where reference is due, but avoiding mentioning everybody
just to be certain that our book is widely advertised. Above all,
the book should be clear and useful. PLATO: I think we should
include a good discussion of fundamental ideas, of how integral
equations are formed, pointing out that they are like two
dimensional shadows of three dimensional objects, ... SOCRATES:
Stop there! Remember you are not 'the' Plato! PLATO: Sorry, I was
carried away. ARISTOTLE: I think that the book should have many
applications so that the reader can learn by looking at them how to
use the method. SOCRATES: I agree. But we should be careful. It is
easy to include many illustra tions and examples in a book in order
to disguise its meagre contents. All examples should be relevant.
ARISTOTLE: And we should also include a full computer program to
give the reader if so he wishes, a working experience of the
technique.
This book constitutes the edited proceedings of the Advanced
Studies Institute on Boundary Element Techniques in Computer Aided
Engineering held at The Institute of Computational Mechanics,
Ashurst Lodge, Southampton, England, from September 19 to 30, 1984.
The Institute was held under the auspices of the newly launched
"Double Jump Programme" which aims to bring together academics and
industrial scientists. Consequently the programme was more industr
ially based than other NATO ASI meetings, achieving an excellent
combination of theoretical and practical aspects of the newly
developed Boundary Element Method. In recent years engineers have
become increasingly interested in the application of boundary
element techniques for'the solution of continuum mechanics
problems. The importance of boundary elements is that it combines
the advantages of boundary integral equations (i.e. reduction of
dimensionality of the problems, possibility of modelling domains
extending to infinity, numerical accura'cy) with the versatility of
finite elements (i.e. modelling of arbitrary curved surfaces).
Because of this the technique has been well received by the
engineering and scientific communities. Another important advantage
of boundary elements stems from its reduction of dimensionality,
that is that the technique requires much less data input than
classical finite elements. This makes the method very well suited
for Computer Aided Design and in great part explains the interest
of the engineering profession in the new technique."
The boundary element method (BEM) is now a well-established
numerical technique which provides an efficient alternative to the
prevailing finite difference and finite element methods for the
solution of a wide range of engineering problems. The main
advantage of the BEM is its unique ability to provide a complete
problem solution in terms of boundary values only, with substantial
savings in computer time and data preparation effort. An initial
restriction of the BEM was that the fundamental solution to the
original partial differential equation was required in order to
obtain an equivalent boundary in tegral equation. Another was that
non-homogeneous terms accounting for effects such as distributed
loads were included in the formulation by means of domain
integrals, thus making the technique lose the attraction of its
"boundary-only" character. Many different approaches have been
developed to overcome these problems. It is our opinion that the
most successful so far is the dual reciprocity method (DRM), which
is the subject matter of this book. The basic idea behind this
approach is to employ a fundamental solution corresponding to a
simpler equation and to treat the remaining terms, as well as other
non-homogeneous terms in the original equation, through a procedure
which involves a series expansion using global approximating
functions and the application of reciprocity principles.
This book covers the major areas of active research and uses and
although advanced it presents the basic theory of how to apply BEM
in acoustics as well as specific formulations for more complicated
problems.
Over a period of several years the field of probabilistic mechanics
and com putational mechanics have progressed vigorously, but
independently. With the advent of powerful computational hardware
and the development of novel mechanical techniques, the field of
stochastic mechanics has progressed in such a manner that the
inherent uncertainty of quite complicated systems can be addressed.
The first International Conference on Computational Stochastic
Mechanics was convened in Corfu in September 1991 in an ef fort to
provide a forum for the exchanging of ideas on the current status
of computational methods as applied to stochastic mechanics and for
identi fying needs for further research. The Conference covered
both theoretical techniques and practical applications. The
Conference also celebrated the 60th anniversary of the birthday of
Dr. Masanobu Shinozuka, the Sollenberger Professor of Civil
Engineering at Princeton University, whose work has contributed in
such a great measure to the development of Computational Stochastic
Mechanics. A brief sum mary of his career and achievements are
given in the Dedication. This book comprises some of the papers
presented at the meeting and cov ers sections on Theoretical
Reliability Analysis; Damage Analysis; Applied Reliability
Analysis; Theoretical Random Vibrations; Stochastic Finite Ele ment
Concept; Fatigue and Fracture; Monte Carlo Simulations; Earthquake
Engineering Applications; Materials; Applied Random Vibrations;
Applied Stochastic Finite Element Analysis, and Flow Related
Applications and Chaotic Dynamics. The Editors hope that the book
will be a valuable contribution to the grow ing literature covering
the field of Computational Stochastic Mechanics.
This book comprises an edited version of the Proceedings of the 2nd
Interna tional Conference on Applications of Supercomputers in
Engineering which took place at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, USA during August 1991. The Conference was
organized by the Wessex Insti tute of Technology, Southampton, UK
with the support of the International Society for Boundary
Elements. The first International Conference on Ap plications of
Supercomputers in Engineering held in Southampton, UK in September
1989 was a very successful meeting and the resulting Conference
Proceedings are now widely distributed throughout the world. The
revolutionary aspects of the next generation of computers are now
fully recognised by many engineers and scientists. Vector and
parallel computers form the basis of the computing power needed to
address the complex prob lems with which engineers are faced. The
new machines not only increase the size of the problems which can
be solved, but also require a different computational approach to
obtain the most efficient results.
The series is aimed specifically at publishing peer reviewed
reviews and contributions presented at workshops and conferences.
Each volume is associated with a particular conference, symposium
or workshop. These events cover various topics within pure and
applied mathematics and provide up-to-date coverage of new
developments, methods and applications.
The series is aimed specifically at publishing peer reviewed
reviews and contributions presented at workshops and conferences.
Each volume is associated with a particular conference, symposium
or workshop. These events cover various topics within pure and
applied mathematics and provide up-to-date coverage of new
developments, methods and applications.
Software for engineering applications has become, during the last
few years, a multi-billion pound industry as applications of
computer programs are now an essential part of any engineering
project. In spite of this, engineer ing software is not always
reliable and many fail to produce good solutions. The extent of
this problem, which is very costly to the engineering industry, and
its consequences, are somewhat hidden because the software industry
has not reached the necessary maturity. An engineer needs a long
training before being able to design a body for instance. However,
to do that, he may use a computer program which has undergone no
validation whatsoever and is written by someone without any
engineering knowledge. It is imperative to address this problem to
ensure that computer codes are properly prepared to provide good
solutions, and that they are robust and reliable. This 2nd
International Conference on Reliability and Robustness of En
gineering Software (RRES 91) was called to address this problem.
The meeting was held in Milan, Italy, in April 1991 and was of
importance to engineers working in industry who are actively
involved with the develop ment of computer codes.
The increasing size and complexity of new structural forces in
engineering have made it necessary for designers to be aware of
their dynamic behaviour. Dynamics is a subject which has
traditionally been poorly taught in most engineering courses. This
book was conceived as a way of providing engineers with a deeper
knowledge of dynamic analysis and of indicating to them how some of
the new vibrations problems can be solved. The authors start from
basic principles to end up with the latest random vibration
applications. The book originated 1n a week course given annually
by the authors at the Computational Mechanics Centre, Ashurst
Lodge, Southampton, England. Special care was taken to ensure
continuity in the text and notations. Southampton 1984 CONTENTS
Page Foreword Chapter 1 Introduction to Vibration 1. Introductory
Remarks 1 2. Single Degree of Freedom Systems: Equations of Motion
and Types of Problem 2 3. Response 6 4. General Structures:
Equations of Motion 11 5. Response 15 6. Dynamic Interaction
Problems 20 Chapter 2 Free Vibration, Resonance and Damping l.
Introduction 25 25 2. Spring-Mass System 3. Simple Pendulum 27 4.
Beam with Central Load 28 5. Rolling of a Ship 28 6. Springs in
Parallel 30 7. Springs in Series 30 8. Free Vibration 31 9. Energy
of Vibrating System 33 10. Damped Free Vibration 34 11. Undamped
Forced Response 38 12. Damped Forced Response 39 13. Undamped
Transient Vibration 42 14. Damped Transient Vibration 43 15.
This book constitutes the edited proceedings of the Advanced
Studies Institute on Boundary Element Techniques in Computer Aided
Engineering held at The Institute of Computational Mechanics,
Ashurst Lodge, Southampton, England, from September 19 to 30, 1984.
The Institute was held under the auspices of the newly launched
"Double Jump Programme" which aims to bring together academics and
industrial scientists. Consequently the programme was more industr
ially based than other NATO ASI meetings, achieving an excellent
combination of theoretical and practical aspects of the newly
developed Boundary Element Method. In recent years engineers have
become increasingly interested in the application of boundary
element techniques for'the solution of continuum mechanics
problems. The importance of boundary elements is that it combines
the advantages of boundary integral equations (i.e. reduction of
dimensionality of the problems, possibility of modelling domains
extending to infinity, numerical accura'cy) with the versatility of
finite elements (i.e. modelling of arbitrary curved surfaces).
Because of this the technique has been well received by the
engineering and scientific communities. Another important advantage
of boundary elements stems from its reduction of dimensionality,
that is that the technique requires much less data input than
classical finite elements. This makes the method very well suited
for Computer Aided Design and in great part explains the interest
of the engineering profession in the new technique."
As the Boundary Element Method develops into a tool of engineering
analysis more effort is dedicated to studying new applications and
solving different problems. This book contains chapters on the
basic principles of the technique, time dependent problems, fluid
mechanics, hydraulics, geomechanics and plate bending. The number
of non-linear and time dependent problems which have become
amenable to solution using boundary elements have induced many
researchers to investigate in depth the basis of the method.
Chapter 0 of this book presents an ap proach based on weighted
residual and error approximations, which permits easy construction
of the governing boundary integral equations. Chapter I reviews the
theoretical aspects of integral equation formulations with emphasis
in their mathematical aspects. The analysis of time dependent
problems is presented in Chap. 2 which describes the time and space
dependent integral formulation of heat conduction problems and then
proposes a numerical procedure and time marching algorithm. Chapter
3 reviews the application of boundary elements for fracture
mechanics analysis in the presence of thermal stresses. The chapter
presents numerical results and the considerations on numerical
accuracy are of interest to analysts as well as practising
engineers.
The use of fossil fuels has generated an increasing amount of
interest in renewable energy resources. Energy policies and
management are of primary importance to achieve the development of
sustainability and need to be consistent with recent advances in
energy production and distribution. Challenges lie as much in the
conversion from renewable energies such as wind and solar to useful
forms like electricity, heat and fuel at an acceptable cost
(including environmental damage) as in the integration of these
resources into an existing infrastructure. This volume includes
collaborative research between different disciplines, including
materials, energy networks, new energy resources, storage
solutions, waste to energy systems, smart grids and many other
related subjects.
Transportation in urban areas, with its related environmental and
social impacts, is of significant concern for government
policymakers and for the urban citizens who need efficient
transport systems. This book presents extensive reviews of these
systems to devise and then safeguard their operational use,
maintenance, safety and security. The continuing requirement for
better and more efficient urban transport systems and the need for
a healthier environment has added to the increasing international
desire for new technologies and developments in this essential
field. The variety of topics covered reflects the complex
interaction of urban transport systems with their environment and
the need to establish integrated strategies.
Comprising specially selected papers this book presents
trans-disciplinary research on issues related to the nature of
water, and its use and exploitation by society. The valuable
research contained in this book demonstrates the need to bridge the
gap between physical, biological, environmental and health
sciences. Water is essential for sustaining life on our planet,
nevertheless its unequal distribution is a source of permanent
conflict. It is predicted that population growth and irregular
rainfall, due to climate change, may lead to more restricted access
to water in certain regions of the world. This problem is made even
more severe by human actions that can cause degradation to nature
and the environment. The availability of clean and inexpensive
water can no longer be taken for granted as the need for water
continues to increase due a growing global population. Heavy water
consumers such as agriculture and industry often contribute to its
contamination. Water distribution networks in urban areas and
soiled water collection systems, present serious problems as well
as the need to maintain ageing infrastructures. Possible
technologically solutions, such as desalination or pumping systems
are energy demanding but, as costs rise, the techniques currently
developed may need to be re-assessed.
Safety and Security Studies is an interdisciplinary area of
research and this book includes specially selected papers. These
papers encompass the work of engineers, scientists, field
researchers and other specialists involved in one or more of the
theoretical and practical aspects of safety and security. Due to
the interdisciplinary nature of this field it forms an area of
research and application that brings together in a systematic way,
many disciplines of engineering, from the traditional to the most
technologically advanced. This volume covers topics such as crisis
management, security engineering, natural and man-made disasters
and emergencies, risk management, and control, protection and
mitigation issues.
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