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This title was first published in 2001: Despite the fact that
environmental directives are one of the strongest areas of policy
decreed by the EU, it has a much poorer record when it comes to
actual implementation of these policies. Instead of focusing on the
traditional state-centrist accounts, this book compares two
subnational regions within the EU, Scotland and Bavaria, and their
role in the policy process. The author offers a multi-layered
implementation map which highlights three main government 'layers'
involved in the filtering process and identifies various formal and
informal determinants which shape EU environmental policies during
the process. The book not only compares implementation performances
between the two regions and their respective states, but also
compares the region's processes against the national processes,
thereby exposing determinants that would otherwise remain
undetected. In doing so, it confirms that subnational regions
feature determinants which differ in many respects from national
determinants and influence the effectiveness of EU environmental
policies. The book contributes to a better understanding of the
implementation deficit and presents a more refined picture of the
EU environmental policy 'reality'.
This title was first published in 2001: Despite the fact that
environmental directives are one of the strongest areas of policy
decreed by the EU, it has a much poorer record when it comes to
actual implementation of these policies. Instead of focusing on the
traditional state-centrist accounts, this book compares two
subnational regions within the EU, Scotland and Bavaria, and their
role in the policy process. The author offers a multi-layered
implementation map which highlights three main government 'layers'
involved in the filtering process and identifies various formal and
informal determinants which shape EU environmental policies during
the process. The book not only compares implementation performances
between the two regions and their respective states, but also
compares the region's processes against the national processes,
thereby exposing determinants that would otherwise remain
undetected. In doing so, it confirms that subnational regions
feature determinants which differ in many respects from national
determinants and influence the effectiveness of EU environmental
policies. The book contributes to a better understanding of the
implementation deficit and presents a more refined picture of the
EU environmental policy 'reality'.
This volume is the result of a symposium entitled "Variation in
Life Histories: Genetics and Evolutionary Processes" sponsored by
the Program in Evolutionary Ecology and Behavior of the University
of Iowa and held in Iowa City on October 13 and 14, 1980. Prompted
by a recent upsurge of interest in the evolution of life histories,
we chose this topic because of the obvious association between life
history traits and Darwinian fit ness. If such an association were
to be fruitfully investigated, it would require the closer
cooperation of population and evolutionary ecologists and
quantitative and population geneticists. To encourage such an
association, our symposium had four major aims: first, to
facilitate intellectual exchange across disciplines among an array
of biologists studying life histories; second, to encourage
exploration of genetic variance and covari ance for life history
traits; third, to consider the ecological background for genetic
vari ability; and finally, to facilitate a comparative overview
both within and among species. Obviously such broad aims cannot be
met totally in a single volume, but we think we have succeeded
reasonably well in providing a representative and nourishing intel
lectual feast. We see this book as a stimulus to the coordination
of future efforts in an important and expanding area of inquiry. We
have divided the book into six sections."
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