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In examining countries that have experienced rapid economic growth
and development, the proper role of the state vis-a-vis the market
has been intensely scrutinized and debated. Engaging this
literature through the lenses of neoliberalism and globalization,
the authors provide a thorough and compelling study of the varying
developmental experiences of Chile and Taiwan. This excellent book
is a valuable reading for scholars and students of the politics and
economics of development.' - Alexander C. Tan, University of
Canterbury, New Zealand'Challenging Neoliberalism provides an
excellent analysis of the characteristics, contradictions and
limits of neoliberalism and globalization. And it is a brilliant
investigation of two exemplary cases of free-market based
development: Chile and Taiwan. Employing institutionalist theory,
Cal and Evelyn Clark provide a precise and penetrating study of the
neoliberalization of these two countries and their divergent
socio-economic growth policies that engendered equally important
'economic miracles.' The authors' ability to convincingly
illustrate the ultimate incompatibility of neoliberalism and
globalization makes Challenging Neoliberalism a novel and timely
addition to the debate on neoliberal globalization.' - Alessandro
Bonanno, Sam Houston State University, US 'Clark and Clark do an
excellent job of pointing to the paradoxes inherent in neoliberal
economic policies through a case study of Chile and Taiwan. It is
unusual to see an analysis that involves two countries so different
from one another. Clark and Clark argue that, despite their similar
strategies of opening their markets to the global economy and
pursuing export-led growth, there are tremendous differences in the
outcomes in Chile and Taiwan. This book would be a great addition
to courses on globalization and political economy. It renders
complex concepts clear and presents substantial background
information such that readers unfamiliar with Chile and/or Taiwan
can make sense of their economic and social policies.' - Tanya
Maria Golash-Boza, University of California, Merced, US
Neoliberalism, which advocates free markets without government
interference, has become increasingly utilized and controversial
over the last three and a half decades. This book presents case
studies of Chile and Taiwan, two countries that seemingly prospered
from adopting neoliberal strategies, and finds that their
developmental histories challenge neoliberalism in fundamental
ways. From one perspective, the political economies of Chile and
Taiwan might appear to be poster children for neoliberalism. Both
took aggressive policy actions (Taiwan in the 1960s and Chile in
the 1970s) to create market-driven economies that were well
integrated into the capitalist global economy. Subsequently, these
two countries were cited as 'economic miracles' that opened their
markets, resulting in rapid economic growth and development. A
closer examination of the two nations, however, turns up very
significant differences between them. In particular, Taiwan, with
its much more statist approach to development, outperformed Chile
by a considerable margin; and some of the experiences of Chile
departed markedly from neoliberal predictions. The authors argue
that Taiwan s strategy was the more successful of the two,
primarily because it discarded the ideology of neoliberalism and
unfettered laissez-faire. Scholars, educators, and students
studying globalization, political economy, and/or economic
development will find this book an irreplaceable addition to the
discussion of neoliberalism.
Known as the Taiwan Miracle, the Republic of China on Taiwan
(R.O.C.) has, over the past thirty-five years, experienced one of
the world's highest rates of economic growth. Arguing that major
theoretical frameworks for analyzing international political
economy are often too simplistic in that they omit key factors or
overly generalize from relationships found only in limited
situations, Clark uses a detailed case history of the R.O.C. to
suggest not only that development and dependency in contemporary
society are extremely complex and indeterminate processes, but that
development in Taiwan deviates significantly from the postulates of
the two leading paradigms of international political economy. To go
even further, Clark states that Taiwan's economic growth and
transformation resulted from its deviation from the normal
dependency syndrome. Indeed, a development strategy based on
economic flexibility and periodic regime change that has made this
flexibility possible are hallmarks in Taiwan's success story. The
United States and other advanced industrial economies whose past
successes have created economic and political barriers to future
adaptation can be better understood in terms of the characteristics
of R.O.C.'s development strategy.
Part I of the three-part work focuses on environment, first
discussing various paradigms and theories about development and
then presenting an historical overview of Taiwan. The second part
investigates Taiwan's international role, political development,
and rapid economic growth. The volume closes with a chapter devoted
to the implications of the Taiwan experience and political economy
paradigms. Eight figures and thirty-five tables illustrate facets
of Taiwan's development, including government structure, indicators
of agricultural development, industrialization, educational
progress, and export performance, among others. Because of the
detailed presentations of political economy theories and their
variants, especially in relation to economic and political
development in Taiwan, this volume would be an excellent choice for
courses in political economy, developing societies, Asian politics,
and international relations theory, as well as libraries serving
students in these areas.
This collection of essays examines the historical influence of
states in East Asia's political economies, and considers their
contributions to the ongoing social, economic and political
transformation of the countries in this region. They show that the
status of these so-called developmental states have evolved over
time, and that their role and capacity have been significantly
related to the social bases and cultural roots of the relevant
countries.
The attitudes of individual citizens play a central role in a
democracy. In the United States today, the two major parties are
each associated with a broad set of policy positions representing
the conservative and liberal political ideologies. The two major
parties are becoming increasingly polarized on these ideologies
between conservative Republicans and liberal Democrats. This book
provides an in-depth examination of public opinion in a single
American state, Alabama, to see whether the public opinion of
general citizens follows this stereotype of ideological and
partisan polarization. Alabama public opinion is analyzed on a
fairly wide range of issues, including the quality of public
officials, constitutional reform, the role of government in terms
of taxes and overall spending, education, health care, religion in
public life, crime, and immigration. Alabama is generally perceived
as staunchly conservative politically and as a reliably 'red'
Republican state in national elections. Yet, public opinion in
Alabama is considerably more nuanced and complex than this
stereotype in two distinct aspects. First, Alabamians are certainly
conservative on many issues, but they are also liberal on a
significant number of others. Second, the issue positions of the
state's citizens are shaped by three different dynamics in terms of
what factors influence specific attitudes. Furthermore a brief
analysis of public opinion in the entire United States finds
similar patterns. Thus, the current polarization in party politics
does not necessarily reflect public opinion in its entirety,
suggesting a need to transcend the competing conservative and
liberal orthodoxies.
Using the developmental history of Taiwan as a starting point,
Flexibility, Foresight and Fortuna critically examines several
prevalent formulations of domestic development and international
economy.
The authors examine Taiwan's policy performance from, in turn, the
developmental, the dependency, the statist, and the trade-off
perspectives on political economy. They reject these approaches in
favour of the key ideas of flexibility, foresight and fortuna as an
explanation of Taiwan's relatively unusual success in achieving
domestic development and upward mobility in the international
system.
The principal goal of this textbook is to provide clear and
elementary descriptions of the major statistical techniques used in
political and social science research. The book is built on two
basic assumptions. First, that it is possible to explain social
science statistics in a simple and straightforward manner so that
students with a minimal background in math can understand even
fairly advanced techniques, such as multiple and logistic
regression. Second, that undergraduate and even graduate students
have less trouble in understanding specific techniques than in
interpreting what statistical results mean substantively.
Consequently, the book stresses the interpretation of research
findings.In essence, the book argues that political science
research is like piecing a jigsaw puzzle together. Pieces of
information - statistical and non-statistical - must be assembled
and interpreted both logically and creatively.The text is organized
in a unique manner, using the various techniques being discussed to
analyze the current state of the United States as it seemingly
stands at a crossroads in both its political orientations and
socioeconomic nature. To make the statistical interpretation more
meaningful and easier to understand, the results throughout the
book are integrated by their focus upon two central questions
related to the theme of America at a Crossroads: Are Americans
conservative or liberal in their political beliefs? How do economic
and social outcomes in America compare to those in other developed
democracies?
In "Flexibility, Foresight and Fortuna in Taiwan's Development,"
Steve Chan and Cal Clark place Taiwan's developmental experience in
the context of contemporary theories from several social science
disciplines, and try to explain the seemingly exceptional
performances of this island nation on a number of policy dimensions
such as economic growth, political stability, social equality,
welfare provision, and military security. In search of explanations
for the "Taiwanese exception," the authors resort to both
qualitative historical analysis and quantitative econometric
modelling. The book will be of substantial interest to all scholars
in the field of political economy.
This collection of essays examines the historical influence of
states in East Asia's political economies, and considers their
contributions to the ongoing social, economic and political
transformation of the countries in this region. They show that the
status of these so-called developmental states have evolved over
time, and that their role and capacity have been significantly
related to the social bases and cultural roots of the relevant
countries.
Before embarking on analyses of different aspects of economic
growth and development of these countries, the authors present a
thought-provoking analysis of how institutional factors such as
geography, history of religion, culture and political governance
have been deeply interwoven with development dynamics to shape the
growth and development trajectory that each country has
subsequently followed. Each country's development path consequently
appeared almost be pre-determined. Japan's role as the lead-country
in technology transfer under the flying-geese pattern of
development is discussed, however the emphasis has shifted of late
to China, India, Korea, Malaysia and Singapore. The authors also
propose that instead of discussing the failure of India to catch up
with China in growth and development outcomes, economists should be
commenting on whether China, bestowed with India's highly
decentralized democratic governance structure and institutional
rigidities, would have been able to achieve the same results as
that of India. Only then will a true understanding and appreciation
of India's achievements in economic growth and development emerge.
Economic Development in China, India and East Asia will be warmly
welcomed and appreciated by academics and researchers of
international and development economics as well as Asian
development and economics. Policymakers and those involved in NGOs
in the development and aid arenas will also find this of great
interest.
The book is based on two recently published books by Kartik Roy.
Governance Institutions and Economic Development: Emerging China,
India, East Asia presented an in-depth analysis of the reasons for
successes and failures of these nations developmental efforts.
Economic, Environmental and Political Governance in China, Japan,
India, Brazil, Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and
Vietnam brought acknowledged the urgency of the need for countries
political leaders to follow the teachings of Kautilya, Confucius,
Ibn Khaldun, Karl Marx and Mahatma Gandhi and to make serious
efforts to implement those lessons in practice. It is worth noting
here Mancur Olsons famous remarks that economic decisions are
unlikely to be taken in the collective interest of individuals due
to bargaining costs and the problem of free riders, unless they are
members of small groups. Such a coalition of self-interest
individuals is likely to try to redistribute income towards itself
instead of working to raise efficiency and national income for the
full benefit of the entire population and country. Hence, the
authors feel that it is more likely that in all democracies rather
than in autocracies, members of the ministry will form Olsons
coalition of self-interest fulfilling persons who are
semi-literate, have rarely been engaged in any income earning
activity, and who are adept at taking recourse to dishonest means
to fill up their pockets, as well as to attain glory, and who have
no knowledge of the teachings of Kautilya, Confucius, Khaldun,
Marx, Gandhi and other great men of the past. Likewise, they will
have no interest in their implementation on practice. In this book,
the authors have made an effort to create a synergy between the
theory and practice in economic development.
The key issues of the health care system are often conceptualised
as involving three basic dimensions: the quality of health care
provided; access to the health care system and the cost of health
care. This book presents studies of two distinct types of reform
that have been implemented to reduce the 'trade offs' arising from
the 'unholy trinity'. The first focuses upon attempts to reorganise
existing institutions in order to make them more effective and
cost-efficient. The second considers the move toward 'evaluation
research', that is, more critically evaluating health care
treatments and outcomes to make sure that treatments are effective
and cost-efficient.
For the century of approximately 1870 through 1970, America's
ongoing industrialization brought growing prosperity to much of its
citizenry and, after World War II, created a broad middle-class
society. After the mid-1970s, however, de-industrialization or the
movement of manufacturing production to other countries resulted in
growing economic and social stress on many of the working class who
did not possess a college education. Donald Trump was the first
major U.S. politician to recognize this problem and promise to
create "good jobs" for working-class Americans. Yet, his most
dramatic policy initiatives in the areas of trade, immigration, and
deregulation did not produce dramatic change during his first term.
A more positive trend is bubbling up from state and local
governments, with the encouragement (but not funding) from the
Trump administration. This is the growing importance of workforce
development programs, which seek to develop the skills necessary
for America's 21st century economy through education reform,
industrial apprenticeships, and tax incentives. Does the future of
the national economy rest in safe arms with the new
re-industrialization strategy and education reform? States and
local governments must ascertain what mix of higher education
reform, k-12 reform, career readiness, and high-tech training is
the best equation for the growing workforce deficit and waning
middle-class. In addition, education reform must consider high-tech
automation, robotics, and artificial intelligence as a curriculum
component in education reform. This policy area must be constructed
in ways that not only broadens the middle-class but helps the
victims of deindustrialization and reindustrialization. Chapter 1
provides an overview of the challenges facing the working class in
the United States and an outline of the book. Chapter 2 describes
the stage of industrialization (1870-1970) that created a middle
class society. Chapter 3 discusses the periods of
deindustrialization (1970-2000) and reindustrialization in advanced
manufacturing (early 21st century). Chapter 3 then analyzes the
causes (globalization, organizational change, public policy,
business strategy, and automation) and consequences (the emergence
and shrinkage of a broad middle-class society) of the changing
dynamics of industrialization. Chapter 4 presents a case study from
the state of Alabama, demonstrating how manufacturing reduces
inequality. Chapter 5 discusses how work-based learning programs
promote racial diversity. Chapter 6 investigates modern
apprenticeship and work-based learning programs. Finally, Chapter 7
considers the implications of this study and argues that workforce
development policies hold the key to American prosperity in the
21st century.
The commencement of America's Industrial Revolution in the 1870s
set off a "special century" of economic and social progress and
transformation. After World War II, the United States created the
first middle-class society. Beginning in the 1970s, however, a new
transformation began that has produced decidedly mixed results.
Globalisation pushed many important industries off shore; the
emerging information age changed the nature of the U.S. workforce;
and shifting business and government policies put increasing
pressures on employees. The major losers here were the working
class of those who did not possess a college education and people
who live in rural areas. Unfortunately, before 2016 neither major
party had addressed the need for finding "good jobs" for either set
of Americans. Donald Trump ran for President of the United States
in 2016 as a Republican on a platform that included a strong appeal
to the white working class, promising to use the power of
government to overturn the forces of globalisation to bring good
jobs back to the U.S. and restore prosperity to the victims of
globalisation and neoliberalism. Indeed, the term "Trumponomics"
was soon coined to describe his distinctive, if not unique,
economic strategy. Our analysis is rather sceptical about the
potential for helping the American working class preserve a
middle-class life style. Most fundamentally, Trump's strategy of
winning elections and maintaining power emphasises cultural, not
economic, issues. Furthermore, three central components of the
President's economic strategy are problematic as well. First,
Trumponomics ignores several key causes of working-class distress;
second, some of the President's economic policies contradict each
other and/or may well have counterproductive effects; and third,
some are quite controversial and face strong opposition from
Democrats or even from important Republican constituencies. Still,
Donald Trump should be commended for highlighting economic problems
that a considerable number of Americans face; and the opponents of
Trumponomics need to rise to the challenge of meeting this creeping
economic crisis.
Globalization's Impact on State-Local Economic Development Policy
Since women account for almost 50 percent of the world's
population, the sustainability of development of the global economy
can be greatly impaired if the state authorities in individual
countries pay less attention to the improvement in the
socio-economic status of women relative to men. Improvement in
socio-economic status which facilitates empowerment of individuals
is greatly dependent on conducive informal institutions and state
institutions. This book is the first of its kind to critically
examine the role of these institutions in women's empowerment in
five continents in the world. The analysis of the role of
institutions in individual countries is underpinned by a robust
theoretical background presented in the first three chapters. The
chapters on individual countries also include a section dealing
with recommendations for changes in state policies affecting
women's empowerment.
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