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This book treats the different current as well as unusual and
hitherto often unstudied physico-chemical and surface-thermodynamic
properties of water that govern all polar interactions occurring in
it. These properties include the hyper-hydrophobicity of the
water-air interface, the cluster formation of water molecules in
the liquid state and the concomitant variability of the ratio of
the electron-accepticity to electron-donicity of liquid water as a
function of temperature, T. The increase of that ratio with T is
the cause of the increase in hydration repulsion ("hydration
pressure") between polar surfaces upon heating, when they are
immersed in water.
The book also treats the surface properties of apolar and polar
molecules, polymers, particles and cells, as well as their mutual
interaction energies, when immersed in water, under the influence
of the three prevailing non-covalent forces, i.e., Lewis acid-base
(AB), Lifshitz-van der Waals (LW) and electrical double layer (EL)
interactions. The polar AB interactions, be they attractive or
repulsive, typically represent up to 90% of the total interaction
energies occurring in water. Thus the addition of AB energies to
the LW + EL energies of the classical DLVO theory of energy vs.
distance analysis makes this powerful tool (the Extended DLVO
theory) applicable to the quantitative study of the stability of
particle suspensions in water. The influence of AB forces on the
interfacial tension between water and other condensed-phase
materials is stressed and serves, inter alia, to explain, measure
and calculate the driving force of the hydrophobic attraction
between such materials (the "hydrophobic effect"), when immersed in
water. Thesephenomena, which are typical for liquid water,
influence all polar interactions that take place in it. All of
these are treated from the viewpoint of the properties of liquid
water itself, including the properties of advancing freezing fronts
and the surface properties of ice at 0o C.
- Explains and allows the quantitative measurement of hydrophobic
attraction and hydrophilic repulsion in water
- Measures the degree of cluster formation of water molecules
- Discusses the influence of temperature on the cluster size of
water molecules
- Treats the multitudinous effects of the hyper-hydrophobicity of
the water-air interface
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