When Denmark introduced compulsory education in 1814, the city of Copenhagen responsed by regulating the already existing private school system. Roughly half of the school age population went to some kind of school and of those the overwelming majority attended private schools, most of which were run by women. The book tells the story of these women, their schools and pupils on the 150 private schools from 1790-1820. Carol Gold's contention is that these private schools and their teachers were much better than is presently assumed in Danish historiography. The teachers were all literate; they could read and most of them could write. The education provided for girls ranged from the basics of reading, writing and arithmetic plus needlework in the beginner schools, to the "scientific" subjects of history, geography, natural sciences and foreign languages in the more advanced academies. Furthermore, the schools formed the basis of the Copenhagen school system which was established at the b

Animal Architects masterfully investigates how the structure an animal builds reveals the inner workings of its mind. Beginning with instinct and the simple homes of solitary insects, and progressing to conditioning, the cognitive map," and the role of planning and insight, James and Carol Gould use the amazing engineering feats throughout the animal world to reach fascinating conclusions about animals' behavioural capabilities. From two of the world's most distinguished experts in animal behaviour, Animal Architects is a creative and accessible approach to understanding animal minds through the structures they build.

This volume tells the stories of women who worked legally, in their own names, in early modern Copenhagen. They were to be found on the streets selling food or yarn, managing shops or schools, working in the metal trades or construction industries, or owning factories or fleets of merchant vessels. Married, widowed, and single, these women received their own licenses and paid their own taxes, often in businesses or trades that had nothing to do with male relatives. They were an integral part of the production and distribution of goods in the flourishing capital city of Copenhagen during its Golden Age at the turn of the eighteenth to the nineteenth century.