Studies of the Cold War transcend a narrow focus on four decades of superpower rivalry, recognizing that leaders and governments outside of Washington and Moscow also exerted political, economic, and moral influence well beyond their own borders. One striking example was the Ostpolitik of Chancellor Willy Brandt, which not only redefined Germany's relation with its Nazi past but also altered the global environment of the Cold War. This book examines the years 1969-1974, when Brandt broke the Cold War stalemate in Europe by assuming responsibility for the crimes of the Third Reich and by formally renouncing several major West German claims, while also launching an assertive policy toward his Communist neighbors and conducting a deft balancing act between East and West. Not everyone then, or now, applauds the ethos and practice of Ostpolitik, but no one can deny its impact on German, European, and world history.

One of the largest twentieth century summit meetings, the Genoa Conference of 1922, was also a notable failure, due to the gulf between the Allies and Germany, between the West and Soviet Russia, and among the World War I victors and their small allies. This book, a unique international collaboration, presents various perspectives on the Genoa Conference: its leadership, goals, and outcome. The authors present new findings on such questions as the sensational Rapallo Treaty between Germany and Russia; the strategy of the small neutral powers; and the policy of the United States toward European debts. Readers will find contrasting as well as complementary views in this volume.

Recent studies of the Cold War transcend a narrow focus on four decades of superpower rivalry, recognizing that leaders and governments outside of Washington and Moscow also exerted political, economic, and moral influence well beyond their own borders. One striking example was the Ostpolitik of Chancellor Willy Brandt, which not only redefined Germany s relation with its Nazi past but also altered the global environment of the Cold War. This book examines the years 1969 1974, when Brandt broke the Cold War stalemate in Europe by assuming responsibility for the crimes of the Third Reich and by formally renouncing several major West German claims, while also launching an assertive policy toward his Communist neighbors and conducting a deft balancing act between East and West. Not everyone then, or now, applauds the ethos and practice of Ostpolitik, but no one can deny its impact on German, European, and world history.

Statesmen and scholars were inspired by a period after World War I (when the victors devised Minority Treaties for the new and expanded states of Eastern Europe) at the time that the Cold War ended between 1989-1991. This book is the first study of that period--between 1878 and 1938--when the Great Powers established a system of external supervision to reduce the threats in Europe's most volatile regions of Irredentism, persecution, and uncontrolled waves of westward migration. It is a study of the strengths and weaknesses of an early state of international human rights diplomacy as practiced by rival and often-uninformed Western political leaders, ardent but divided Jewish advocates, and aggressive state minority champions, in the tumultuous age of nationalism and imperialism, Bolshevism and fascism between Bismarck and Hitler.

When the Cold War ended between 1989 and 1991, statesmen and scholars reached back to the period after World War I when the victors devised minority treaties for the new and expanded states of Eastern Europe. This book is the first study of the entire period between 1878 and 1938, when the great powers established a system of external supervision to reduce the threats in Europe's most volatile regions of irredentism, persecution, and uncontrolled waves of westward migration. It is a study of the strengths and weaknesses of an early state of international human rights diplomacy as practised by rival and often-uninformed Western political leaders, by ardent but divided Jewish advocates, and also by aggressive state minority champions, in the tumultuous age of nationalism and imperialism, bolshevism and fascism between Bismarck and Hitler.

One of the largest twentieth century summit meetings, the Genoa Conference of 1922, was also a notable failure, due to the gulf between the Allies and Germany, between the West and Soviet Russia, and among the World War I victors and their small allies. This book, a unique international collaboration, presents various perspectives on the Genoa Conference: its leadership, goals, and outcome. The authors present new findings on such questions as the sensational Rapallo Treaty between Germany and Russia; the strategy of the small neutral powers; and the policy of the United States toward European debts. Readers will find contrasting as well as complementary views in this volume.

1968: The World Transformed provides an international perspective on the most tumultuous year in the era of the Cold War. Authors from Europe and the United States explain why the crises of 1968 erupted almost simultaneously in vastly different cultures and societies. Together, the eighteen chapters provide an interdisciplinary and comparative approach to the rise and fall of protest movements worldwide by integrating international relations, the role of media, and the cross-cultural exchange of people and ideas into the global history of 1968.

By the late 1960s, West Germany and Israel were moving in almost opposite diplomatic directions in a political environment dominated by the Cold War. The Federal Republic launched ambitious policies to reconcile with its Iron Curtain neighbors, expand its influence in the Arab world, and promote West European interests vis-a-vis the United States. By contrast, Israel, unable to obtain peace with the Arabs after its 1967 military victory and threatened by Palestinian terrorism, became increasingly dependent upon the United States, estranged from the USSR and Western Europe, and isolated from the Third World. Nonetheless, the two countries remained connected by shared security concerns, personal bonds, and recurrent evocations of the German-Jewish past. Drawing upon newly-available sources covering the first decade of the countries' formal diplomatic ties, Carole Fink reveals the underlying issues that shaped these two countries' fraught relationship and sets their foreign and domestic policies in a global context.

The first biography of Marc Bloch (1886-1944), historian, soldier, and French Resistance martyr, is based on the private letters and diaries of the French-Jewish patriot as well as other unpublished documents.

This is the first biography of Marc Bloch (1886-1944), historian, soldier in both world wars, and leader of the Resistance, who was captured, tortured, and died a heroic death. Based largely on Bloch's private letters, diaries and papers, as well as on other unpublished documents, it traces the remarkable life of this French-Jewish patriot under the Third Republic. As an historian, Bloch is perhaps best known for The Historian's Craft, an inspiring set of meditations on his life's work, and as co-founder of the now legendary journal Annales, which gave rise to a major school of historical writing. Profoundly influenced by the dark events that shaped his era - world wars, anti-semitism, and totalitarianism - Bloch has become something of an intellectual hero of our century, his life an epitome of the endeavour to uphold, in the face of such events, the spirit of unfettered critical enquiry.

By the late 1960s, West Germany and Israel were moving in almost opposite diplomatic directions in a political environment dominated by the Cold War. The Federal Republic launched ambitious policies to reconcile with its Iron Curtain neighbors, expand its influence in the Arab world, and promote West European interests vis-a-vis the United States. By contrast, Israel, unable to obtain peace with the Arabs after its 1967 military victory and threatened by Palestinian terrorism, became increasingly dependent upon the United States, estranged from the USSR and Western Europe, and isolated from the Third World. Nonetheless, the two countries remained connected by shared security concerns, personal bonds, and recurrent evocations of the German-Jewish past. Drawing upon newly-available sources covering the first decade of the countries' formal diplomatic ties, Carole Fink reveals the underlying issues that shaped these two countries' fraught relationship and sets their foreign and domestic policies in a global context.

Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt/M., New York, Oxford, Wien. Collection de l'Association internationale d'histoire contemporaine de l'Europe publiee sous la direction de Jean-Claude Favez. This book deals with a remarkable period of human history from the end of Second World War to the end of the Cold War, when Europe established the world's most advanced human-rights regime. During this half century a continent, divided by arms and ideology, divested of its colonial empires, and faced with a huge influx of foreigners, drew on old ideas and on post-First World War experiments, to expand the political, judicial, and diplomatic practices of human-rights advocacy and protection. The book contains the major part of the contributions of the colloquium of the 19th International Congress of Historical Sciences held in Oslo in August 2000. It represents one of the first collaborative, historical inquiries into the field of human rights. Cet ouvrage traite d'une periode importante de l'histoire europeenne, qui s'etend de la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale jusqu'a la fin de la guerre froide. Elle a ete marquee par l'instauration en Europe du regime des droits de l'homme le plus avance du monde. Durant ce demi-siecle, le continent europeen, divise sur le plan strategique et ideologique, depouille de ses possessions coloniales, confronte a un vaste afflux d'immigres, s'est engage a developper des instruments politiques, judiciaires et diplomatiques de protection et de defense des droits de l'homme. Ce livre reunit la majeure partie des contributions du colloque tenu a Oslo en aout 2000 dans le cadre du XIX(e) Congres international des sciences historiques. Il s'agit d'une des premieres enqueteshistoriques dans le domaine des droits de l'homme, entreprise avec la collaboration d'historiens de divers horizons. Contents/Contenu: Antoine Fleury: Introduction - Albert P. van Goudoever: The Problem of the International Protection of Human Rights since 1945: from International Legal Declarations to Commitment in Global Politics - Michael Biddiss: Human Rights and "Crimes against Humanity": the Development of a Supranational Concept at the Nuremberg Trials - Carole Fink: The European Court of Human Rights: Protecting Freedom of Expression - Bernard A. Cook: The Rights of Linguistic and Cultural Minorities in post-1945 Europe - Gerard Bossuat: La France, terre d'asile: l'avenir brouille d'un grand destin - Jozef Laptos: Les aspects politiques de l'action humanitaire de l'UNRRA envers les personnes deplacees en 1943-1947 - Tatiana A. Pavlova: The Human Rights Movement in the Soviet Union, 1945-1975 - C. Serban Radulescu-Zoner: Les violations des droits de l'homme en Roumanie (1945-1975): reactions contradictoires des milieux politiques franais - Josefina Cuesta Bustillo: Histoire comparee des droits sociaux dans les pays d'Europe occidentale de 1945 a 1950 - Peter Malcontent: Myth or Reality? The Dutch Crusade against the Human Rights Violations in the Third World, 1973-1981 - Giovanni Barberini: La politique du Saint-Siege dans le domaine des droits de l'homme - Antoine Fleury: Les autorites suisses et la question des droits de l'homme - Jaques Bariety: La France, les droits de l'homme et la genese de la conference d'Helsinki de 1975 - Mikhail M. Narinski: L'Union sovietique et le probleme des droits de l'homme dans la premiere moitie des annees soixantedix - Floribert H. Baudet: TheNetherlands and the Rank of Denmark: Prestige as Stimulus for Human Rights Policies - Carole Fink: Afterword.