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This book provides an overview of current issues in variation and
gradience in phonetics, phonology and sociolinguistics. It
contributes to the growing interest in gradience and variation in
theoretical phonology by combing research on the factors underlying
variability and systematic quantitative results with theoretical
phonological considerations. Variation is inherent to language, and
one of the aims of phonological theory is to describe and explain
the mechanisms underlying variation at every level of phonological
representation. Variation below the segment concerns articulatory,
acoustic and perceptual cues that contribute to the formation of
natural classes of sounds. At the segmental level there are
grammatical differences in the production and perception of
contextual variation of segments and in the syntagmatic constraints
on the combination of segments. At the suprasegmental level the
mapping of tones to grammatical functions and vice versa is
discussed. Further aspects addressed in this book are factors
outside of language: Variation that arises as a result of a
particular dialect or of belonging to a certain age group, or
variation that is the consequence of language change. Gradience and
variation have always been a central issue in phonetic and
sociolinguistic research. Gradience introduces variation in
phonology as well. If a phonetic entity can be pronounced in
different ways, depending on the environment, prosodic factors or
dialectal influences, this 'gradience' may introduce 'variation',
which we understand as a stable state of grammar.
Over the past few decades, the book series Linguistische Arbeiten
[Linguistic Studies], comprising over 500 volumes, has made a
significant contribution to the development of linguistic theory
both in Germany and internationally. The series will continue to
deliver new impulses for research and maintain the central insight
of linguistics that progress can only be made in acquiring new
knowledge about human languages both synchronically and
diachronically by closely combining empirical and theoretical
analyses. To this end, we invite submission of high-quality
linguistic studies from all the central areas of general
linguistics and the linguistics of individual languages which
address topical questions, discuss new data and advance the
development of linguistic theory.
This book provides a state-of-the-art survey of intonation and
prosodic structure. Taking a phonological perspective, it shows how
morpho-syntactic constituents are mapped to prosodic constituents
according to well-formedness conditions. Using a tone-sequence
model of intonation, it explores individual tones and how they
combine, and discusses how information structure affects intonation
in several ways, showing tones and melodies to be 'meaningful' in
that they add a pragmatic component to what is being said. The
author also shows how, despite a superficial similarity, languages
differ in how their tonal patterns arise from tone concatenation.
Lexical tones, stress, phrase tones, and boundary tones are
assigned differently in different languages, resulting in great
variation in intonational grammar, both at the lexical and
sentential level. The last chapter is dedicated to experimental
studies of how we process prosody. The book will be of interest to
advanced students and researchers in linguistics, and particularly
in phonological theory.
This book provides linguists with a clear, critical, and
comprehensive overview of theoretical and experimental work on
information structure. Leading researchers survey the main theories
of information structure in syntax, phonology, and semantics as
well as perspectives from psycholinguistics and other relevant
fields. Following the editors' introduction the book is divided
into four parts. The first, on theories of and theoretical
perspectives on information structure, includes chapters on focus,
topic, and givenness. Part 2 covers a range of current issues in
the field, including quantification, dislocation, and intonation,
while Part 3 is concerned with experimental approaches to
information structure, including language processing and
acquisition. The final part contains a series of linguistic case
studies drawn from a wide variety of the world's language families.
This volume will be the standard guide to current work in
information structure and a major point of departure for future
research.
This book provides a state-of-the-art survey of intonation and
prosodic structure. Taking a phonological perspective, it shows how
morpho-syntactic constituents are mapped to prosodic constituents
according to well-formedness conditions. Using a tone-sequence
model of intonation, it explores individual tones and how they
combine, and discusses how information structure affects intonation
in several ways, showing tones and melodies to be 'meaningful' in
that they add a pragmatic component to what is being said. The
author also shows how, despite a superficial similarity, languages
differ in how their tonal patterns arise from tone concatenation.
Lexical tones, stress, phrase tones, and boundary tones are
assigned differently in different languages, resulting in great
variation in intonational grammar, both at the lexical and
sentential level. The last chapter is dedicated to experimental
studies of how we process prosody. The book will be of interest to
advanced students and researchers in linguistics, and particularly
in phonological theory.
In this book leading scholars provide state-of-the-art overviews of
approaches to the formal expression of information structure in
natural language and its interaction with general principles of
human cognition and communication. They present critical accounts
of current understanding of how aspects of grammar, such as
prosody, syntax, morphology, semantics, and pragmatics, interact in
the packing and unpacking of information in communication. They
also look at the psycholinguistics behind the production and
perception of information-structural categories. The book reflects
the advances in recent research on all central aspects of the
subject, including concepts of focus versus background, topic
versus comment, and given versus new, and the kinds of inferences
required to make sense of different combinations of words, syntax,
intonation, and context. The chapters include typological and
diachronic perspectives on information structure. Taken as a whole
the book demonstrates the productive value of combining theoretical
and experimental approaches.
The syllable has always been a key concept in generative
linguistics: the rules, representations, parameters, or constraints
posited in diverse frameworks of theoretical phonology and
morphology all make reference to this fundamental unit of prosodic
structure. No less central to the field is Optimality Theory, an
approach developed within (morpho-)phonology in the early 1990s.
This 2003 book combines two themes of central importance to
linguists and their mutual relevance in recent research. It
provides an overview of the role of the syllable in OT and ways in
which problems that relate to the analysis of syllable structure
can be solved in OT. The contributions to the book not only show
that the syllable sheds light on certain properties of OT itself,
they also demonstrate that OT is capable of describing and
adequately analyzing many issues that are problematic in other
theories. The analyses are based on a wealth of languages.
This book provides an overview of the role of the syllable in Optimality Theory (OT) and ways in which problems that relate to the analysis of syllable structure can be solved in OT. The contributions to the book show that the syllable not only sheds light on certain properties of OT itself. They also show that OT is capable of describing and adequately analyzing many issues that are problematic in other theories. The analyses are based on a wealth of languages.
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