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How do the benefits of higher education compare with its costs, and how does this comparison vary across individuals and institutions? These questions are fundamental to quantifying the productivity of the education sector. The studies in Productivity in Higher Education use rich and novel administrative data, modern econometric methods, and careful institutional analysis to explore productivity issues. The authors examine the returns to undergraduate education, differences in costs by major, the productivity of for-profit schools, the productivity of various types of faculty and of outcomes, the effects of online education on the higher education market, and the ways in which the productivity of different institutions responds to market forces. The analyses recognize five key challenges to assessing productivity in higher education: the potential for multiple student outcomes in terms of skills, earnings, invention, and employment; the fact that colleges and universities are "multiproduct" firms that conduct varied activities across many domains; the fact that students select which school to attend based in part on their aptitude; the difficulty of attributing outcomes to individual institutions when students attend more than one; and the possibility that some of the benefits of higher education may arise from the system as a whole rather than from a single institution. The findings and the approaches illustrated can facilitate decision-making processes in higher education.
Aspiring college students and their families have many options. A
student can attend an in-state or an out-of-state school, a public
or private college, a two-year community college program or a
four-year university program. Students can attend full-time and
have a bachelor of arts degree by the age of twenty-three or mix
college and work, progressing toward a degree more slowly. To make
matters more complicated, the array of financial aid available is
more complex than ever. Students and their families must weigh
federal grants, state merit scholarships, college tax credits, and
college savings accounts, just to name a few.
The recent financial crisis had a profound effect on both public and private universities, which faced shrinking endowments, declining charitable contributions, and reductions in government support. Universities responded to these stresses in different ways. This volume presents new evidence on the nature of these responses and how the incentives and constraints facing different institutions affected their behavior. The contributors look at the role of endowments in university finances and the interaction of spending policies, asset allocation strategies, and investment opportunities to show how universities' behavior can be modeled using economic principles.
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