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The progress of the world 's governments towards the achievement of
the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) will be reviewed in 2005.
This timely collection of articles provides feminist perspectives
on the MDGs and critically evaluates their potential impact on
gender equality and women 's empowerment. Authors differ in the
degree of engagement with the MDGs they advocate, but many point to
the urgent need to explore the linkages between the Goals and other
international women 's rights instruments like the Convention on
the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW) and the Beijing Platform for Action.Contributors include:
UN Development Fund for Women Director Noeleen Heyzer, Naila
Kabeer, Carol Barton, and Peggy Antrobus
This collection of articles critically assesses the degree to which
gender inequality has been addressed in the work of development
organizations. Contributors scrutinize the efforts of governments
and NGOs, at the national and international levels, in order to
assess the difference that gender mainstreaming has made to
advancing women 's interests in development. In addition, they
consider the progress that development organizations have made in
ensuring women 's fullest participation at all levels of their own
organizations. Contributions to this volume include case studies
from Bolivia, South Africa, India, and Thailand. Among the authors
are Caroline Moser, Annalise Moser, Aruna Rao, David Kelleher, and
Shamim Meer.
Women all over the world are increasingly joining the bottom rungs
of the global supply chain. Whether by picking fruit in Chile,
processing cashews in Mozambique, sewing in China's export
Processing Zones, or providing biotech companies with indigenous
knowledge in India, women's labor and skill is a crucial element of
the scaling-up of globalized production processes. It can be argued
that increased opportunities to join the cash economy are a
positive development for women, whose additional income has the
potential to increase both their status and the well-being of the
family. But what are the hidden costs of new trade regimes, and do
they outweigh the benefits? What do women stand to lose and how do
trade agreements on intellectual property, movement of migrant
labor, and agriculture potentially entrench overall poverty and
women's over-burdened gender role further? Women are finding ways
to influence national and international trade policy agendas in
developed countries such as the United States and Australia, and
are linking globally at global forums such as Cancun. Contributors
to this volume cover issues in countries including China, Botswana,
Mozambique, and Mexico and explore some of the many dimensions of
gender, gender relations and trade in local and cross-border
enterprise, regional agreements, and the WTO. Mariama Williams
gives us an overview of the key issues from Cancun as they affect
women and gender reforms. Authors such as Marceline White, Alison
Symington, and Suman Sumai look at particular ways in which trade
agreements can lead countries into contradictory positions
regarding their commitments to other social and legal treaties and
national policies. Eleonore Kaufman writes about how trade
incentives to encourage freedom of movement for workers and
migration policies co-exist. Kate Raworth and Thalia Kidder and
Annie Delaney and Pun Ngai explore the hidden costs of casualized
and informal labor regimes to women. Peggy Ntseane discusses the
different trade strategies used by women and men at the level of
small and medium enterprise.
Women are active players in reconciliation and post-conflict
reconstruction processes. Moreover, sustainable peace depends on
equal representation of all citizens in peacetime
decision-making.This collection of articles explores conflict
prevention through development projects in places where resources
are scarce, and age-old agreements between groups come under
strain. Other activities take place to arrest existing conflicts,
by forming alliances across warring forces - the authors argue that
women play a significant but underestimated role in this type of
work. Most of their activities take place through grassroots
organisations, due to their lack of access to formal
decision-making. Traditional stereotypes of mothers and wives are
invoked by many women to legitimise innovative conflict prevention
strategies which men might otherwise question.Other articles here
focus on women's efforts to build lasting peace through
transforming old inequitable government structures into democratic
institutions. International organisations and NGOs tend to limit
their focus to women's welfare and protection in conflict and
post-conflict situations, but they should focus as well on
supporting women's attempts to gain access to leadership.
Over the past 50 years, billions of dollars and working days have
been expended on the "development" of countries in Africa, Latin
America, Asia, and the Pacific. The alleviation of poverty is the
primary concern of many -- though not all -- organizations working
in the development sector. Some, notably the international
financial institutions, have focused primarily on promoting
economic growth at the macro-level, in the belief that increases in
wealth at the national level will eventually "trickle down" to
alleviate poverty throughout entire populations. In this view,
grassroots poverty alleviation strategies are seen as
short-to-medium-term activities, to complement macro-economic
policies. In contrast, some development organizations -- often NGOs
-- do not believe that wealth will ever trickle down to women or
men in poverty; they see community development initiatives to
address poverty as part of an alternative development approach. A
commitment to equality between women and men may or may not figure
as a part of their work.This book examines the complex links
between poverty and inequality between women and men. It shows how
gender inequalities impact on men s, women s and children s
experiences of poverty, and demonstrates the importance of
integrating gender analysis into every aspect of development
initiatives. Covering a range of issues including macro-level
neoliberal restructuring, poverty reduction strategies, gender
budgets, education, HIV/AIDS, globalization and poverty in the
North, the contributors bring new insights into the impacts of
gender-blind development policies at all levels. Illustrating their
analysis with examples from Peru, Sudan, Tanzania, Ghana, Togo, and
the UK, they show how gender equality forms an integral part of
"development," which must be mainstreamed into all poverty
alleviation programs and development initiatives."
This book links gender issues to the life-courses of women and men.
Gender-based discrimination is experienced differently according to
age, generation, and status in the family. In particular, female
children and elderly women perform an enormous amount of the
world's work. endure appalling abuse of the human rights, and
receive disproportionately few benefits from development. Writers
here call for development policy and practice to recognise this
vast contribution, and enforce the rights of women of all ages to
an equal share of development outcomes. Other topics included here
are the use of life-histories in understanding social and economic
change; the economic survival of older people and children in an
era of AIDS; the vulnerability of older men to gender-based abuse;
girl-trafficking and AIDS; educating adolescent girls and boys to
eradicate gender inequality; and the role of employment in changing
young women's status in society. Countries featured include
Bangladesh, Mexico, Jordan, Tanzania, and Nepal. Authors include
Maribel Blasco and Ann Varley, Sabina Rashid, and Sylvia Beales.
This collection of articles from development practitioners and
feminist activists places violence against women, both direct and
indirect, in the context of development. Violence is both a human
rights issue and an obstacle to women's participation in
development. Writers here focus on campaigning and advocacy work as
well as work with women who have experienced violence, in countries
including Russia, Guinea-Bissau, and India. The collection includes
accounts of work with women who have been sexually assaulted and
those who have undergone cultural practices such as female genital
mutilation and early marriage.
The articles in this collection explore the wide range of reasons
why women and men decide to move within and outside their native
countries, whether it be for employment, upon marriage or in
response to conflict. The authors stress the importance of seeing
an individual migrant in her or his context as a member of a social
network, spanning different locations. Understanding these links
helps us to understand migration as part of a wider strategy for
making a living. The articles also explore how migration may offer
women a chance to challenge oppressive gender relations: migrants
are exposed to different ways of being and doing, which show that
culture is neither universal or fixed. Conversely, migration may be
a route into continuing gender-based discrimination, because women
become isolated from their support systems.
Religion and spirituality are central to the lives of women and men
across the world yet mainstream development policy and practice
rarley take account of this fact. This collection of articles
explores the complex links between social and economic development
and religious and spiritual belief and assesses the cost to
development of ignoring these links. Writers of many faiths, and
those with none, explore the scope for promoting women's rights and
needs offered by religious belief and practice and analyse feminist
responses to fundamentalist regimes which use religious doctrine to
justify women's oppression.
Over the past decade, organizations working on development issues
have taken an increasing interest in women's needs and rights. But
working on promoting awareness of women's marginalization demands
more than an equal opportunities policy. This book draws together
the experience of organizations working to promote women's full
participation in the development process, looking at the obstacles
that stand in the way.
The current global economic crisis is expected to lead to millions
more people being pushed into extreme poverty. The effects are
profoundly different for women and men, and the existing gender
inequalities and power imbalances mean that additional problems are
falling disproportionately on those who are already structurally
disempowered and marginalized.The economic crisis is the latest
element in a complex web of shocks and longer-term traumas
affecting women, men and their families in developing countries.
These include food and fuel shocks, changing climatic conditions,
and the HIV pandemic. For many people living in poverty, these
crises are experienced as one multifaceted crisis, which has
accentuated already existing underlying chronic concerns in both
the productive and the reproductive (care) economies of the world.
While these issues remain largely invisible to mainstream
economists and policymakers, they are critical to the development
of effective and sustainable responses to the crisis.Contributors
to this book map the emerging impact of the economic crisis on
women, men and their families in different contexts, and suggest
policy and practice changes. Authors include key figures in the
research field as well as policymakers and development
practitioners, who analyze, with first-hand experience, the initial
impacts of the economic crisis in South and East Asia, Africa,
Latin America, and the Middle East.
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