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This innovative collection presents original theoretical analyses
and previously unpublished empirical research on criminal
victimisation. Following an overview of the development and
deficiencies of victimology,subsequent chapters present more
detailed challenges to stereotypical conceptions of victimisation
through their focus on: male victims of domestic violence; victims
of male-on-male rape; corporate victims; and the 'victim-offenders'
who are the recipients of IRA punishment beatings. The second half
of the book considers criminal justice responses to victimisation,
focusing in particular on the potential of, and limits to,
restorative justice, the social (and gendered) construction of the
victim within contested trials and the exclusionary nature of
current 'victim-centred' initiatives. This important book will
further the debate on how we conceptualise victims as well as their
appropriate role within the criminal justice system. New Visions of
Crime Victims will be of interest to academics, students, criminal
justice practitioners and policy-makers. It has particular
implications for scholarship in the fields of victimology,
restorative justice and feminist approaches to criminology and
criminal justice. The integration of work by established
criminologists, such as Carolyn Hoyle, Paul Rock, Andrew Sanders
and Richard Young with that of young, previously unpublished
scholars, makes for an interesting and stimulating book. As well as
being a valuable addition to the literature, it can be used to
support undergraduate and postgraduate courses in criminal justice
and criminology.
This book reveals what happens to applications for post-conviction
review when those in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland who
believe they are wrongfully convicted apply to the Criminal Cases
Review Commission, the only body that can refer a case back to the
Court of Appeal once appellants opportunities for direct appeal are
exhausted. While the Court is obliged to hear all such referrals,
the Commission can only refer a case where it believes there is a
real possibility that the Court will quash the conviction. The
first empirical study of all stages of decision-making within the
Commission, this book starts from the premise that the test applied
by the Commission (the real possibility test) is not inflexible.
Though created by statute and refined through case law, it must be
determined on a case-by-case basis, drawing too on cultural and
structural variables, alongside fresh evidence gathered by the
Commission. Through in-depth analysis of case files and interviews,
Hoyle and Sato scrutinize the Commissions operational practices,
its working rules and assumptions, considering how these influence
its understanding of the real possibility test. Situating their
rich empirical data within a framework of the Commissions social,
organizational, and legal contexts, this book demonstrates that in
its open-ended investigations there is considerable scope for
discretion; for thorough exploration of all possible avenues or for
choosing a more superficial consideration of a case. It emerges
that while structured internal guidance, drawing heavily on Court
jurisprudence, shapes decision-making, creating consistency in
approach, there remains some variability across cases, over time,
that can be accounted for by the different professional backgrounds
and personalities of Commission staff.
The fifth edition of this highly praised study charts and explains
the progress that continues to be made towards the goal of
worldwide abolition of the death penalty. The majority of nations
have now abolished the death penalty and the number of executions
has dropped in almost all countries where abolition has not yet
taken place. Emphasising the impact of international human rights
principles and evidence of abuse, the authors examine how this has
fuelled challenges to the death penalty and they analyse and
appraise the likely obstacles, political and cultural, to further
abolition. They discuss the cruel realities of the death penalty
and the failure of international standards always to ensure fair
trials and to avoid arbitrariness, discrimination and conviction of
the innocent: all violations of the right to life. They provide
further evidence of the lack of a general deterrent effect; shed
new light on the influence and limits of public opinion; and argue
that substituting for the death penalty life imprisonment without
parole raises many similar human rights concerns. This edition
provides a strong intellectual and evidential basis for regarding
capital punishment as undeniably cruel, inhuman and degrading.
Widely relied upon and fully updated to reflect the current state
of affairs worldwide, this is an invaluable resource for all those
who study the death penalty and work towards its removal as an
international goal.
Criminology is a booming discipline, but at the same time it is
also deeply divided. This rich and diverse collection of essays
addresses the key questions at the heart of the debate.
What is criminology for? What is the impact of criminology? How
should criminology be done? What are the key issues and debates in
criminology today? What challenges does the discipline of
criminology face? How has criminology as a discipline changed over
the last few decades?
Addressing all of these questions in 34 essays by some of the
world's leading scholars, this volume reveals the deep fissures
that threaten this vibrant discipline. There is disagreement over
methodological issues - how best to conduct research. The subject
matter and aims of the discipline are contested as traditional
boundaries are tested and breached. At the same time there has been
a narrowing of the terms of debate more generally as numerous new
journals have been established for the various constituent
subfields of the broader discipline.
All of these factors give the impression that criminology is
fragmenting at the precise moment that, as a discipline, it is so
energetic and successful. Examining the nature of criminology and
the current state of the field, the contributors outline their
sense of and ambition for future development, challenging the
discipline to be more reflective. Above all, it provides a record
of the shape of the field at the close of the first decade of the
new millennium.
In the early 1990s policy changes were introduced in the UK in an attempt to increase arrest rates in domestic violence cases. This book examines the criminal justice response to this prevalent form of violence in the light of these changes. In particular, the book discusses the needs and expectations of victims, and how their choices impact on decisions made by police and prosecutors.
Criminology is a booming discipline, yet one which can appear
divided and fractious. In this rich and diverse collection of
essays, some of the world's leading criminologists respond to a
series of questions designed to investigate the state, impact, and
future challenges of the discipline: What is criminology for? What
is the impact of criminology? How should criminology be done? What
are the key issues and debates in criminology today? What
challenges does the discipline of criminology face? How has
criminology as a discipline changed over the last few decades?
The resulting essays identify a series of intellectual,
methodological, and ideological borders. Borders, in criminology as
elsewhere, are policed, yet they are also frequently transgressed;
criminologists can and do move across them to plunder, admire, or
learn from other regions. While some boundaries may be more
difficult or dangerous to cross than others it is rare to find an
entirely secluded locale or community.
In traversing ideological, political, geographical, and
disciplinary borders, criminologists bring training, tools, and
concepts, as well as key texts to share with foreigners. From such
exchanges, over time, borders may break down, shift, or spring up,
enriching those who take the journey and those who are visited. It
is, in other words, in criminology's capacity for and commitment to
reflexivity, on which the strength of the field depends.
Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of the Oxford Centre for
Criminology, this edited collection of essays seeks to explore the
changing contours of criminal justice over the past half century
and to consider possible shifts over the next few decades. The
question of how social science disciplines develop and change does
not invite any easy answer, with the task made all the more
difficult given the highly politicised nature of some subjects and
the volatile, evolving status of its institutions and practices. A
case in point is criminal justice: at once fairly parochial, much
criminal justice scholarship is now global in its reach and subject
areas that are now accepted as central to its study - victims,
restorative justice, security, privatization, terrorism,
citizenship and migration (to name just a few) - were topics
unknown to the discipline half a century ago. Indeed, most
criminologists would have once stoutly denied that they had
anything to do with it. Likewise, some central topics of past
criminological attention, like probation, have largely receded from
academic attention and some central criminal justice institutions,
like Borstal and corporal punishment, have, at least in Europe,
been abolished. Although the rapidity and radical nature of this
change make it quite impossible to predict what criminal justice
will look like in fifty years' time, reflection on such
developments may assist in understanding how it arrived at its
current form and hint at what the future holds. The contributors to
this volume have been invited to reflect on the impact Oxford
criminology has had on the discipline, providing a unique and
critical discussion about the current state of criminal justice
around the world and the origins and future implications of
contemporary practice. All are leading internationally-renowned
criminologists whose work has defined and often re-defined our
understanding of criminal justice policy and literature.
The fifth edition of this highly praised study charts and explains
the progress that continues to be made towards the goal of
worldwide abolition of the death penalty. The majority of nations
have now abolished the death penalty and the number of executions
has dropped in almost all countries where abolition has not yet
taken place. Emphasising the impact of international human rights
principles and evidence of abuse, the authors examine how this has
fuelled challenges to the death penalty and they analyse and
appraise the likely obstacles, political and cultural, to further
abolition. They discuss the cruel realities of the death penalty
and the failure of international standards always to ensure fair
trials and to avoid arbitrariness, discrimination and conviction of
the innocent: all violations of the right to life. They provide
further evidence of the lack of a general deterrent effect; shed
new light on the influence and limits of public opinion; and argue
that substituting for the death penalty life imprisonment without
parole raises many similar human rights concerns. This edition
provides a strong intellectual and evidential basis for regarding
capital punishment as undeniably cruel, inhuman and degrading.
Widely relied upon and fully updated to reflect the current state
of affairs worldwide, this is an invaluable resource for all those
who study the death penalty and work towards its removal as an
international goal.
In the early 1990s policy changes were introduced in the UK in an attempt to increase arrest rates in domestic violence cases. This book examines the criminal justice response to this prevalent form of violence in the light of these changes. In particular, the book discusses the needs and expectations of victims, and how their choices impact on decisions made by police and prosecutors.
Debating Law is a new, exciting series that gives scholarly experts
the opportunity to offer contrasting perspectives on significant
topics of contemporary, general interest. In this first volume of
the series Carolyn Hoyle argues that communities and the state
should be more restorative in responding to harms caused by crimes,
antisocial behaviour and other incivilities. She supports the
exclusive use of restorative justice for many non-serious offences,
and favours approaches that, by integrating restorative and
retributive philosophies, take restorative practices into the 'deep
end' of criminal justice. While acknowledging that restorative
justice appears to have much to offer in terms of criminal justice
reform, Chris Cunneen offers a different account, contending that
the theoretical cogency of restorative ideas is limited by their
lack of a coherent analysis of social and political power. He goes
on to argue that after several decades of experimentation,
restorative justice has not produced significant change in the
criminal justice system and that the attempt to establish it as a
feasible alternative to dominant practices of criminal justice has
failed. This lively and valuable debate will be of great interest
to everyone interested in the criminal justice system.
This innovative collection presents original theoretical analyses
and previously unpublished empirical research on criminal
victimisation. Following an overview of the development and
deficiencies of victimology, subsequent chapters present more
detailed challenges to stereotypical conceptions of victimisation
through their focus on: male victims of domestic violence; victims
of male-on-male rape; corporate victims; and the 'victim-offenders'
who are the recipients of IRA punishment beatings. The second half
of the book considers criminal justice responses to victimisation,
focusing in particular on the potential of, and limits to,
restorative justice, the social (and gendered) construction of the
victim within contested trials and the exclusionary nature of
current 'victim-centred' initiatives. This important book will
further the debate on how we conceptualise victims as well as their
appropriate role within the criminal justice system. New Visions of
Crime Victims will be of interest to academics, students, criminal
justice practitioners and policy-makers. It has particular
implications for scholarship in the fields of victimology,
restorative justice and feminist approaches to criminology and
criminal justice. The integration of work by established
criminologists, such as Carolyn Hoyle, Paul Rock, Andrew Sanders
and Richard Young with that of young, previously unpublished
scholars, makes for an interesting and stimulating book. As well as
being a valuable addition to the literature, it can be used to
support undergraduate and postgraduate courses in criminal justice
and criminology. From the reviews of the hardback edition: "This is
a stimulating and well-presented book." Martin Wright, Restorative
Justice Online, November 2003 "The book succeeds in its goal of
introducing 'new voices', both in terms of the topics as well as
the authors." Roxanne Lieb, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice,
July 2003 "...it will be a valuable asset to victimologists and
academic libraries because it includes so many challenges to
conventional wisdom." Brian Williams, British Society of
Criminology Newsletter, March 2003
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