Commonly known as the 'spiritual father of Pakistan', the philosophical and political ideas of Muhammad Iqbal shaped the face of Indian Muslim nationalism and the direction of modernist reformist Islam around the world. This volume brings together a range of prominent and emerging voices within American and European Islamic studies to share the latest developments on Iqbal's thought. They re-examine the ideas that lie at the heart of Iqbal's own thought: religion, science, metaphysics, nationalism and religious identity, and bring out many new connections between the 'Sage of the Ummah' and the greatest thinkers and ideas of European and Islamic philosophies.