This book presents a theory of political disalignment and a revised theory of party realignment, using four case studies from the United States, Canada, Great Britain, and Italy to illustrate these concepts. Why do major political parties die? The shelf life of minor parties in democracies tends to be short, but major parties tend to be highly durable. The Democratic Party of the United States and the Conservative Party of the United Kingdom have been going strong for two centuries. Major parties perpetuate themselves by maintaining a consistent ideology on major national issues, even at the cost of periodic defeats at the polls. In American politics, ideological polarization maintains the vitality of the two major parties and renders them almost immune to threats from new parties, even as it impedes consensus and compromise on public issues. Spectacular instances of sudden death in major parties have nevertheless occurred in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Italy, and they all exhibit similar characteristics. The fatal event—which author Charles S. Mack calls "disalignment"—occurs when a schism opens between party leaders and traditional core-base voters on an issue of overriding national importance. Major parties survive periodic defeats, but they cannot survive disalignment.

America's political party system is dying, Mack says, and it is being replaced by major interest groups that are using their vast grassroots networks and financial resources to take over the parties' traditional functions. These interests include advocacy organizations for labor, the environment, minorities, and other causes often competitive with business interests. Mack lays out specific actions business organizations need to undertake if they are to compete in the politics and lobbying of the future. He analyzes the factors that will change American society and the business-government relationship over the next quarter-century, and that are bringing about the demise of political parties. Campaign finanace restrictions are only one of these factors, he says, but they may be the final blow to the parties' last remaining asset, their ability to raise large amounts of money.

To affect the outcomes of future elections and legislative issues, corporations and business associations must go beyond merely financing political campaigns. They need to become more deeply involved in grassroots politics and to be more effective in influencing public opinion on issues and candidates. The most important of the specific steps the book recommends is innovative expansion of issue advertising programs to affect voter opinion on issues profoundly affecting business that will be on legislative agendas for decades-among them, international trade, immigration, social security, national savings, and campaign finance.

Mack explains the law and practicalities of political activity. He also shows how issues advocacy works to affect current legislation, political campaigns, and long-term issues. He includes model ads and cases to show how various political and legislative tools can be applied. The book concludes with an analysis of the consequences of the tumultuous 2000 elections for tomorroW's politics and issues.

Mack's book will be useful and important reading for government relations, public affairs, and association executives, and for public policy professionals in the academic community concerned about the future of American politics and its impacts on business and the legislative process.

This handbook is a comprehensive guide to the different types of business associations: multi-industry umbrella organizations, single-industry trade associations, professional societies, and chambers of commerce. It is written for senior corporate executives and public affairs officers who want to evaluate the effectiveness of trade and business associations to which their companies belong and to optimize the benefits of participation to achieve corporate objectives, especially in the fields of government relations and economic services. It is also intended for association executives concerned about corporate dues cutbacks who want to help their memberships increase the value of association memberships and to better understand the world of associations. Mack maintains that few firms undertake tost-benefit analyses of their association memberships or take the steps necessary to assure that these organizations meet the company's unique special needs as well as the common interests of the membership at large. He therefore focuses particular attention on techniques designed to help members evaluate and intensify their effectiveness and influence within each of their associations while strengthening the association at the same time. He also examines the environment of association operations: association resources and regulation, the inner workings of association management, and future changes.

The book begins with a description of associations as interest groups and their growing importance in the formation of public policy. The author describes non-business interest groups, the types and characteristics of business associations, and the historic development of business organizations in Europe, Japan, and the U.S. In Part II, Mack focuses on techniques to evaluate associations and introduces the Effective Membership Process by which individual members can enhance their influence. The third section explains association resources including membership; finance, planning, and budgeting; governance and policymaking; regulation and taxation of associations; and the roles of the staff. Part IV analyzes the nature of national, international, and state and local associations, comparing their similarities and differences. Illustrative profiles of eight widely varying associations are included in this section. Finally, the book offers an analysis of the attitudes of corporate and individual members towards their associations. Based on the conclusions drawn from this analysis, the author sets down a concrete set of recommendations for strengthening the effectiveness of these organizations to meet the new challenges of the rapidly changing business environment and global economy. A detailed appendix describing how to start a new association completes the handbook.

... a comprehensive, insider's vieW' of the array of techniques that can be used to influence governmental policies and decisions. The text describes the origins of lobbying and illustrates the resources and tactics that are used by state and federal lobbyists. The reader learns the ins and outs' of coalitions, grassroots strategy and political action committees. Mack concludes with a visionary look at lobbying in the future and presents a very useful summary of Sources and Resources' that are useful in government relations work. "Corporate Public IssueS"

Written for executives of corporations, trade associations, labor unions, and other organizations interested in influencing legislation and regulations, this book is a comprehensive handbook on the array of techniques and technologies that can be used to influence governmental policies and decisions. Mack describes how to start or revitalize government relations programs at the federal, state, or local levels and presents a variety of tools designed to maximize the reader's understanding of how particular processes can be applied in practice, including step-by-step guidance and several models. Thorough coverage of issues such as planning, organization, and analysis as well as detailed information about specific government relations techniques, particularly direct lobbying, make this an invaluable resource that belongs on the bookshelf of every corporate executive with a need to start, reassess, or revitalize government relations programs in their companies; executives and leaders of trade associations, labor unions, public interest groups, and other organizations with a similar need; government officials, including legislators and their staffs, with an interest in exploring how the private sector approaches government relations; civic and community leaders wishing to learn how the lobbying process operates; and political science students, both graduate and undergraduate, with a need for a practical book on the lobbying arts to supplement the many scholarly works on interest group analysis.

Mack emphasizes the importance of sound advance planning and mobilization of resources and explains how to analyze needs, how to research and evaluate the importance of issues, how to develop lobbying strategies, and how to manage a government relations staff. A special section on Sources and Resources lists a variety of publications, periodicals, information services, and organizations that can aid in the research process. Specific techniques are covered in-depth including different forms of direct lobbying, lobbying at the federal and state levels, the utilization of coalitions and trade associations, grass-roots lobbying, and the use of political action committees. Mack concludes with a look at the future, exploring the new forces and issues confronting government relations practitioners and the new technologies drawn from marketing and politics that will revolutionize the field by the end of the century.

Government is the source of the largest cost of doing business. Corporations and business associations must, therefore, manage the business-government relationship with uncommon skill and vigor. Charles Mack, drawing upon his long, successful experience as a practitioner and teacher, asks other corporate and association executives to rethink their current government relations programs and implement them in new, more cost-effective and technologically proficient ways. A highly readable and practical guide to lobbying in all its forms, Mack's book emphasizes managing, and shows how to apply the various means of government relations to achieve specific, important results.

Mack covers all of the tactics and techniques of the field--issues research, strategies, organization and management, direct lobbying, grassroots lobbying, political action, the use of coalitions and trade associations, and public relations. He discusses the use of new computer and communications technologies, benchmarking, lobbying structures and arenas from Washington to the European Union, current management practices (including compensation), the role of interest groups, legislative and electoral politics, and the practice of government relations in other countries. Government relations people will also find a useful discussion of the legislative and political influences that determine how lawmakers vote on issues, how to organize coalitions of diverse groups and get the most of association memberships, the essentials of mobilizing legislative support at the grassroots, and what to do--and not do--when lobbying foreign countries. Mack provides a clear explanation of how government relations works at the federal, state, local, and international levels. Offering practical, day-to-day guidance to experienced and upcoming government relations executives alike, this book will also have important things to say to legislative aides and other public policy administrators. A highly readable and practical guide to lobbying in all its forms, Mack's book emphasizes managing, and how to apply the various means of government relations to achieve specific, important results.

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