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Analog design still has, unfortunately, a flavor of art. Art can be
beautiful. However, art in itself is difficult to teach to students
and difficult to transfer from experienced analog designers to new
trainee designers in companies. Structured Electronic Design:
High-Performance Harmonic Oscillators and Bandgap References aims
to systemize analog design. The use of orthogonalization of the
design of the fundamental quality aspects (noise, distortion, and
bandwidth) and hierarchy in the subsequent design steps, enables
designers to achieve high-performance designs, in a relatively
short time. As a result of the systematic design procedure, the
effect of design decisions on the circuit performance is made
clear. Additionally, the use of resources for reaching a specified
performance is tracked. This book, therefore, describes the
structured electronic design of high-performance harmonic
oscillators and bandgap references. The structured design of
harmonic oscillators includes the maximization of the carrier-to-
noise ratio by means of tapping, i.e. an impedance adaption method
for noise matching. The bandgap reference, a popular implementation
of a voltage reference, is studied via the unusual concept of the
linear combination of base-emitter voltages. The presented method
leads to the design of high-performance references in CMOS and
Bipolar technology. Using this concept, on a high level of
abstraction the quality with respect to, for instance, noise and
power-supply rejection can be identified. In this book, it is shown
with several design examples that this method provides an excellent
starting point for the design of high-performance bandgap
references. Auxiliary to the harmonic-oscillator and bandgap
reference design are the negative- feedback amplifiers. In this
book the systematic design of the dynamic behavior is emphasized.
By means of the identification of the dominant poles, it is
possible to give an upper limit of the attainable bandwidth, even
before the real frequency compensation is accomplished. Structured
Electronic Design: High-Performance Harmonic Oscillators and
Bandgap References is a valuable book for researchers and
designers, as well as students in the field of analog design. It
helps both the experienced and trainee designer to come to grips
with the design of analog circuits. The presented method is
illustrated by several well- described design examples.
Modern RF receivers and transmitters require quadrature oscillators
with accurate quadrature and low phase-noise. Existing literature
is dedicated mainly to single oscillators, and is strongly biased
towards LC oscillators. This book is devoted to quadrature
oscillatorsand presents adetailed comparative study ofLC and RCosc-
lators, both at architectural and at circuit levels. It is shown
that in cross-coupled RC oscillators both the quadrature error and
phase-noise are reduced, whereas in LC - cillators the coupling
decreases the quadrature error, but increases the phase-noise.
Thus, quadrature RC oscillators can be a practical alternative to
LC oscillators, - pecially when area and cost are to be minimized.
The main topics of the book are: cross-coupled LC quasi-sinusoidal
oscillators, cross-coupled RC relaxation oscillators, a quadrature
RC oscillator-mixer, and t- integrator oscillators. The effect of
mismatches on the phase-error and the pha- noise are thoroughly
investigated. The book includes many experimental results, obtained
from different integrated circuit prototypes, in the GHz range. A
structured design approach is followed: a technology independent
study, with ideal blocks, is performed initially, and then the
circuit level design is addressed. This book can be used in
advanced courses on RF circuit design. In addition to post-graduate
students and lecturers, this book will be of interest to design
engineers and researchers in this area.
Analog design is one of the more difficult aspects of electrical
engineering. The main reason is the apparently vague decisions an
experienced designer makes in optimizing his circuit. To enable
fresh designers, like students electrical engineering, to become
acquainted with analog circuit design, structuring the analog
design process is of utmost importance. Structured Electronic
Design: Negative-Feedback Amplifiers presents a design methodology
for negative-feedback amplifiers. The design methodology enables to
synthesize a topology and to, at the same time, optimize the
performance of that topology. Key issues in the design methodology
are orthogonalization, hierarchy and simple models.
Orthogonalization enables the separate optimization of the three
fundamental quality aspects: noise, distortion and bandwidth.
Hierarchy ensures that the right decisions are made at the correct
level of abstraction. The use of simple models, results in simple
calculations yielding maximum-performance indicators that can be
used to reject wrong circuits relatively fast. The presented design
methodology divides the design of negative-feedback amplifiers in
six independent steps. In the first two steps, the feedback network
is designed. During those design steps, the active part is assumed
to be a nullor, i.e. the performance with respect to noise,
distortion and bandwidth is still ideal. In the subsequent four
steps, an implementation for the active part is synthesized. During
those four steps the topology of the active part is synthesized
such that optimum performance is obtained. Firstly, the input stage
is designed with respect to noise performance. Secondly, the output
stage is designed with respect to clipping distortion. Thirdly, the
bandwidth performance is designed, which may require the addition
of an additional amplifying stage. Finally, the biasing circuitry
for biasing the amplifying stages is designed. By dividing the
design in independent design steps, the total global optimization
is reduced to several local optimizations. By the specific sequence
of the design steps, it is assured that the local optimizations
yield a circuit that is close to the global optimum. On top of
that, because of the separate dedicated optimizations, the resource
use, like power, is tracked clearly. Structured Electronic Design:
Negative-Feedback Amplifiers presents in two chapters the
background and an overview of the design methodology. Whereafter,
in six chapters the separate design steps are treated with great
detail. Each chapter comprises several exercises. An additional
chapter is dedicated to how to design current sources and voltage
source, which are required for the biasing. The final chapter in
the book is dedicated to a thoroughly described design example,
showing clearly the benefits of the design methodology. In short,
this book is valuable for M.Sc.-curriculum Electrical Engineering
students, and of course, for researchers and designers who want to
structure their knowledge about analog design further.
Modern RF receivers and transmitters require quadrature oscillators
with accurate quadrature and low phase-noise. Existing literature
is dedicated mainly to single oscillators, and is strongly biased
towards LC oscillators. This book is devoted to quadrature
oscillatorsand presents adetailed comparative study ofLC and RCosc-
lators, both at architectural and at circuit levels. It is shown
that in cross-coupled RC oscillators both the quadrature error and
phase-noise are reduced, whereas in LC - cillators the coupling
decreases the quadrature error, but increases the phase-noise.
Thus, quadrature RC oscillators can be a practical alternative to
LC oscillators, - pecially when area and cost are to be minimized.
The main topics of the book are: cross-coupled LC quasi-sinusoidal
oscillators, cross-coupled RC relaxation oscillators, a quadrature
RC oscillator-mixer, and t- integrator oscillators. The effect of
mismatches on the phase-error and the pha- noise are thoroughly
investigated. The book includes many experimental results, obtained
from different integrated circuit prototypes, in the GHz range. A
structured design approach is followed: a technology independent
study, with ideal blocks, is performed initially, and then the
circuit level design is addressed. This book can be used in
advanced courses on RF circuit design. In addition to post-graduate
students and lecturers, this book will be of interest to design
engineers and researchers in this area.
Analog design is one of the more difficult aspects of electrical
engineering. The main reason is the apparently vague decisions an
experienced designer makes in optimizing his circuit. To enable
fresh designers, like students electrical engineering, to become
acquainted with analog circuit design, structuring the analog
design process is of utmost importance.
Structured Electronic Design: Negative-Feedback Amplifiers presents
a design methodology for negative-feedback amplifiers. The design
methodology enables to synthesize a topology and to, at the same
time, optimize the performance of that topology.
Key issues in the design methodology are orthogonalization,
hierarchy and simple models. Orthogonalization enables the separate
optimization of the three fundamental quality aspects: noise,
distortion and bandwidth. Hierarchy ensures that the right
decisions are made at the correct level of abstraction. The use of
simple models, results in simple calculations yielding
maximum-performance indicators that can be used to reject wrong
circuits relatively fast.
The presented design methodology divides the design of
negative-feedback amplifiers in six independent steps. In the first
two steps, the feedback network is designed. During those design
steps, the active part is assumed to be a nullor, i.e. the
performance with respect to noise, distortion and bandwidth is
still ideal.
In the subsequent four steps, an implementation for the active part
is synthesized. During those four steps the topology of the active
part is synthesized such that optimum performance is obtained.
Firstly, the input stage is designed with respect to noise
performance. Secondly, the output stage isdesigned with respect to
clipping distortion. Thirdly, the bandwidth performance is
designed, which may require the addition of an additional
amplifying stage. Finally, the biasing circuitry for biasing the
amplifying stages is designed.
By dividing the design in independent design steps, the total
global optimization is reduced to several local optimizations. By
the specific sequence of the design steps, it is assured that the
local optimizations yield a circuit that is close to the global
optimum. On top of that, because of the separate dedicated
optimizations, the resource use, like power, is tracked clearly.
Structured Electronic Design: Negative-Feedback Amplifiers presents
in two chapters the background and an overview of the design
methodology. Whereafter, in six chapters the separate design steps
are treated with great detail. Each chapter comprises several
exercises. An additional chapter is dedicated to how to design
current sources and voltage source, which are required for the
biasing. The final chapter in the book is dedicated to a thoroughly
described design example, showing clearly the benefits of the
design methodology.
In short, this book is valuable for M.Sc.-curriculum Electrical
Engineering students, and of course, for researchers and designers
who want to structure their knowledge about analog design further.
Analog design still has, unfortunately, a flavor of art. Art can be
beautiful. However, art in itself is difficult to teach to students
and difficult to transfer from experienced analog designers to new
trainee designers in companies. Structured Electronic Design:
High-Performance Harmonic Oscillators and Bandgap References aims
to systemize analog design. The use of orthogonalization of the
design of the fundamental quality aspects (noise, distortion, and
bandwidth) and hierarchy in the subsequent design steps, enables
designers to achieve high-performance designs, in a relatively
short time. As a result of the systematic design procedure, the
effect of design decisions on the circuit performance is made
clear. Additionally, the use of resources for reaching a specified
performance is tracked. This book, therefore, describes the
structured electronic design of high-performance harmonic
oscillators and bandgap references. The structured design of
harmonic oscillators includes the maximization of the carrier-to-
noise ratio by means of tapping, i.e. an impedance adaption method
for noise matching. The bandgap reference, a popular implementation
of a voltage reference, is studied via the unusual concept of the
linear combination of base-emitter voltages. The presented method
leads to the design of high-performance references in CMOS and
Bipolar technology. Using this concept, on a high level of
abstraction the quality with respect to, for instance, noise and
power-supply rejection can be identified. In this book, it is shown
with several design examples that this method provides an excellent
starting point for the design of high-performance bandgap
references. Auxiliary to the harmonic-oscillator and bandgap
reference design are the negative- feedback amplifiers. In this
book the systematic design of the dynamic behavior is emphasized.
By means of the identification of the dominant poles, it is
possible to give an upper limit of the attainable bandwidth, even
before the real frequency compensation is accomplished. Structured
Electronic Design: High-Performance Harmonic Oscillators and
Bandgap References is a valuable book for researchers and
designers, as well as students in the field of analog design. It
helps both the experienced and trainee designer to come to grips
with the design of analog circuits. The presented method is
illustrated by several well- described design examples.
In many electronic systems, such as telecommunication or
measurement systems, oscillations play an essential role in the
information processing. Each electronic system poses different
requirements on these oscillations, depending on the type and
performance level of that specific system. It is the designer's
challenge to find the specifications for the desired oscillation
and to implement an electronic circuit meeting these
specifications. As the desired oscillations have to fulfill many
requirements, the design process can become very complex. To find
an optimal solution, the designer requires a design methodology
that is preferably completely top-down oriented. To achieve such a
methodology, it must be assured that each property of the system
can be optimized independently of all other properties. Oscillators
and Oscillator Systems: Classification, Analysis and Synthesis
takes a systematic approach to the design of high-performance
oscillators and oscillator systems. A fundamental classification of
oscillators, based on their internal timing references, forms the
basis of this approach. The classification enables the designer to
make strategic design decisions at a high hierarchical level of the
design process. Techniques, derived from the systematic approach,
are supplied to the designer to enable him or her to bring the
performance of the system as close as possible to the fundamental
limits. Oscillators and Oscillator Systems: Classification,
Analysis and Synthesis is an excellent reference for researchers
and circuit designers, and may be used as a text for advanced
courses on the topic.
In many electronic systems, such as telecommunication or
measurement systems, oscillations play an essential role in the
information processing. Each electronic system poses different
requirements on these oscillations, depending on the type and
performance level of that specific system. It is the designer's
challenge to find the specifications for the desired oscillation
and to implement an electronic circuit meeting these
specifications. As the desired oscillations have to fulfill many
requirements, the design process can become very complex. To find
an optimal solution, the designer requires a design methodology
that is preferably completely top-down oriented. To achieve such a
methodology, it must be assured that each property of the system
can be optimized independently of all other properties. Oscillators
and Oscillator Systems: Classification, Analysis and Synthesis
takes a systematic approach to the design of high-performance
oscillators and oscillator systems. A fundamental classification of
oscillators, based on their internal timing references, forms the
basis of this approach. The classification enables the designer to
make strategic design decisions at a high hierarchical level of the
design process. Techniques, derived from the systematic approach,
are supplied to the designer to enable him or her to bring the
performance of the system as close as possible to the fundamental
limits. Oscillators and Oscillator Systems: Classification,
Analysis and Synthesis is an excellent reference for researchers
and circuit designers, and may be used as a text for advanced
courses on the topic.
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