You believe that there is a book (or a computer screen) in front of you because it seems visually that way. I believe that I ate cereal for breakfast because I seem to remember eating it for breakfast. And we believe that torturing for fun is morally wrong and that 2+2=4 because those claims seem intuitively obvious. In each of these cases, it is natural to think that our beliefs are not only based on a seeming, but also that they are justifiably based on these seemings-at least assuming there is no relevant counterevidence.
These considerations have prompted many to endorse some version of dogmatism or phenomenal conservatism. These views hold that, in the absence of defeaters, a seeming that P provides justification to believe P. The main difference is that dogmatism is restricted to some domain, often perception, and phenomenal conservatism is intended to apply to all seemings. Critics worry that such views run into problems with traditional Bayesianism and that they are too permissive, in part because of their implications regarding cognitive penetration.
The primary aim of this book is to understand how seemings relate to justification and whether some version of dogmatism or phenomenal conservatism can be sustained. In addition to addressing each of these issues, this volume also addresses a wide range of related topics, including intuitions, the nature of perceptual content, access internalism, and the epistemology of testimony and disagreement.

On the eve of Britain's handover of Hong Kong, Detective Inspector Lee (Jackie Chan) retrieves a valuable haul of art treasures from the villainous Sang (Ken Leung), henchman of crime boss Juntao. Two months later, Lee is called to Los Angeles when Sang kidnaps the daughter of Lee's friend, Han (Tzi Ma). The FBI, angered by Lee's involvement in what they see as their case, insist that he is partnered with their own disgraced detective, the unorthodox James Carter (Chris Tucker). Lee and Carter immediately clash, but the two men gradually develop a grudging respect for each other as they follow a series of clues to Sang's whereabouts.

Academy Award-winning romantic comedy based on the novel by Matthew Quick. Bradley Cooper stars as Pat Solitano, a former high school teacher fresh from a stint in a mental institution who moves back in with his parents in an ill-fated attempt to reconcile with his ex-wife. His life begins to come together at last when he meets Tiffany (Jennifer Lawrence), a recently-widowed amateur dancer with problems of her own, and also begins to reconnect with his obsessive-compulsive father, Pat Sr (Robert De Niro). Lawrence won the Academy Award and Golden Globe for her performance and David O. Russell received the BAFTA for Best Adapted Screenplay.