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This book represents a major innovation in the institutional
analysis of cities and their planning, management and governance.
Using concepts of transaction costs and property rights, the work
shows systematically how urban order evolves as individuals
co-operate in cities for mutual gain. Five kinds of urban order are
examined, arising as co-operating individuals seek to reduce the
costs of transacting with each other. These are organisational
order (combinations of property rights), institutional order (rules
and sanctions), proprietary order (fragmentation of property
rights), spatial order and public domain order. Property Rights,
Planning and Markets also offers an institutional interpretation of
urban planning and management that challenges both the view that
planning inevitably conflicts with freedom of contract and the view
that its function is a means of correcting market failures. Real
life examples from countries and regions around the world are used
to illustrate the universal relevance of theoretical
generalisations, which will be welcomed by a new generation of
policymakers and students who take on a world view that goes beyond
national boundaries.
This book represents a major innovation in the institutional
analysis of cities and their planning, management and governance.
Using concepts of transaction costs and property rights, the work
shows systematically how urban order evolves as individuals
co-operate in cities for mutual gain. Five kinds of urban order are
examined, arising as co-operating individuals seek to reduce the
costs of transacting with each other. These are organisational
order (combinations of property rights), institutional order (rules
and sanctions), proprietary order (fragmentation of property
rights), spatial order and public domain order. Property Rights,
Planning and Markets also offers an institutional interpretation of
urban planning and management that challenges both the view that
planning inevitably conflicts with freedom of contract and the view
that its function is a means of correcting market failures. Real
life examples from countries and regions around the world are used
to illustrate the universal relevance of theoretical
generalisations, which will be welcomed by a new generation of
policymakers and students who take on a world view that goes beyond
national boundaries.
Mounting scientific evidence generated over the past decade
highlights the significant role of our cities' built environments
in shaping our health and well-being. In this book, the authors
conceptualize the 'urban health niche' as a novel approach to
public health and healthy-city planning that integrates the diverse
and multi-level health determinants present in a city system.The
authors trace the origins of public health and city planning,
drawing upon the shifting paradigms of epidemiology. Advanced
network analysis techniques are employed to examine multi-scale
associations between individual-level health outcomes and built
environment features such as density, land-use mix and road network
configuration. Healthy Cities will prove a fascinating read for an
interdisciplinary body of scholars, practitioners and policy makers
within the domains of public policy, regional and urban studies,
urban planning, spatial epidemiology, health geography, sociology,
public health and psychology.
For the antagonist, private communities are icons of
post-consensus, fragmenting civic society, enclosing and excluding
by contractual constitution and sometimes by walls and gates. For
others they are simply an efficient new way of organizing urban
life.
"Private Cities" brings together an international team of authors
in an attempt to construct an interdisciplinary discourse on the
global spread of private communities based upon empirical evidence.
Case studies from the US, Latin America, the Middle East, Europe
and China are used to explore local and global explanations of the
phenomenon. Two distinct propositions emerge from the analysis,
firstly that private neighborhoods are a manifestation of the
processes bound up in the globalization of culture and economy.
Alternatively they can be seen to emerge and adapt locally.
Unifying the chapters is the notion that private neighborhoods are
a new territorial form of organization on a local scale.
The volume takes an institutionalist approach, developing a model
in which cities are shaped by the interplay of local and global
processes and evolve at the interface of spontaneous and planned
order. It seeks to draw together the various themes, propositions
and hypotheses in a way that clarifies the questions asked in
different ways by different social science perspectives and in a
way that poses researchable questions and new agendas.
"Urban poverty is an emerging problem. This book explores the
household and neighbourhood factors that lead to both the
generation and continuance of urban poverty in China. It is argued
that the urban Chinese are not a homogenous social group, but
combine laid-off workers and rural migrants, resulting in stark
contrasts between migrant and workers' neighbourhoods and
villages." "The expert authors examine the new urban poor in China
and the dynamics of their poor neighbourhoods, highlighting both
household experience and neighbourhood changes affecting the urban
poor. Urban Poverty in China is based upon a comprehensive
household survey in six Chinese cities and provides insights into
microscopic and neighbourhood-level poverty dynamics. The
comprehensive study explores the spatial implications such as
concentration of poverty as well as the differentiation within poor
neighbourhoods." "This informative book tells an insightful story
about evolving urban poverty in Chinese cities that will be
invaluableto researchers and postgraduate students within urban
studies, geography, social policy and development studies as well
as Chinese and Asian studies. It will also prove to be an
invaluable read for researchers in urban and social development and
international development agencies."--BOOK JACKET.
Mounting scientific evidence generated over the past decade
highlights the significant role of our cities' built environments
in shaping our health and well-being. In this book, the authors
conceptualize the 'urban health niche' as a novel approach to
public health and healthy-city planning that integrates the diverse
and multi-level health determinants present in a city system.The
authors trace the origins of public health and city planning,
drawing upon the shifting paradigms of epidemiology. Advanced
network analysis techniques are employed to examine multi-scale
associations between individual-level health outcomes and built
environment features such as density, land-use mix and road network
configuration. Healthy Cities will prove a fascinating read for an
interdisciplinary body of scholars, practitioners and policy makers
within the domains of public policy, regional and urban studies,
urban planning, spatial epidemiology, health geography, sociology,
public health and psychology.
After millions of migrants moved from China's countryside into its
sprawling cities a unique kind of 'informal' urban enclave was born
- 'villages in the city'. Like the shanties and favelas before them
elsewhere, there has been huge pressure to redevelop these
blemishes to the urban face of China's economic vision. Unlike most
developing countries, however, these are not squatter settlements
but owner-occupied settlements developed semi-formally by
ex-farmers turned small-developers and landlords who rent
shockingly high-density rooms to rural migrants, who can outnumber
their landlord villagers. A strong state, matched with
well-organised landlords collectively represented through
joint-stock companies, has meant that it has been relatively easy
to grow the city through demolition of these soft migrant enclaves.
The lives of the displaced migrants then enter a transient phase
from an informal to a formal urbanity. This book looks at migrants
and their enclave 'villages in the city' and reveals the
characteristics and changes in migrants' livelihoods and living
places. Using an interdisciplinary approach, the book analyses how
living in the city transforms and changes rural migrant households,
and explores the social lives and micro economies of migrant
neighbourhoods. It goes on to discuss changing housing and social
conditions and spatial changes in the urban villages of major
Chinese cities, as well as looking into transient urbanism and
examining the consequences of redevelopment and upgrading of the
'villages in the city'; in particular, the planning, regeneration,
politics of development, and socio-economic implications of these
immense social, economic and physical upheavals.
Action Analysis is one of the fundamental princples of animation
that underpins all types of animation: 2d, 3d, computer animation,
stop motion, etc. This is a fundamental skill that all animators
need to create polished, believable animation. An example of Action
Analysis would be Shrek's swagger in the film, Shrek. The animators
clearly understood (through action analysis) the type of walk
achieved by a large and heavy individual (the real) and then
applied their observations to the animated character of an ogre
(the fantastic). It is action analysis that enabled the animation
team to visually translate a real life situation into an ogre's
walk, achieving such fantastic results.Key animation skills are
demonstrated with in-depth illustrations, photographs and live
action footage filmed with high speed cameras. Detailed Case
Studies and practical assignments ground action analysis
methodology with real life examples. Action Analysis for Animators
is a essential guide for students, amateurs and professionals.
Chris Webster's handy, informative guide outlines what it takes to
become an archaeological technician, a field worker in cultural
resource management (CRM) archaeology. Based on his popular blog
feature, Shovelbums Guide, Webster offers young archaeologists
useful advice about CRM work, including writing, cooking in hotel
rooms, hand-mapping, surviving unemployment, life after
archaeology, and more. It provides tools new CRM archaeologists
need to get hired and to live life on the road in a fluctuating job
market, as well as details on how to succeed as a field
archaeologist. Appendices cover sample job hunting documents and
checklists for fieldwork. If you will be pursuing a position in
this dynamic, challenging field, this book is a must-read both
before you apply for that first job and once you get one.
For the antagonist, private communities are icons of
post-consensus, fragmenting civic society, enclosing and excluding
by contractual constitution and sometimes by walls and gates. For
others they are simply an efficient new way of organizing urban
life. Contributed to, and edited by, an international team of
leading authors, this revealing book constructs an
interdisciplinary discourse on the global spread of private
communities based upon empirical evidence. Case studies from the
US, Latin America, the Middle East, Europe and China are used to
explore local and global explanations of the phenomenon. Taking an
institutionalist approach, this informative textbook for
undergraduates, postgraduates, and researchers alike, develops a
model in which cities are shaped by the interplay of local and
global processes, and evolve at the interface of spontaneous and
planned order. It draws together the various themes, propositions
and hypotheses in a way that clarifies the questions by different
social science perspectives and that poses researchable questions
and new agendas.
After millions of migrants moved from China's countryside into its
sprawling cities a unique kind of 'informal' urban enclave was born
- 'villages in the city'. Like the shanties and favelas before them
elsewhere, there has been huge pressure to redevelop these
blemishes to the urban face of China's economic vision. Unlike most
developing countries, however, these are not squatter settlements
but owner-occupied settlements developed semi-formally by
ex-farmers turned small-developers and landlords who rent
shockingly high-density rooms to rural migrants, who can outnumber
their landlord villagers. A strong state, matched with
well-organised landlords collectively represented through
joint-stock companies, has meant that it has been relatively easy
to grow the city through demolition of these soft migrant enclaves.
The lives of the displaced migrants then enter a transient phase
from an informal to a formal urbanity. This book looks at migrants
and their enclave 'villages in the city' and reveals the
characteristics and changes in migrants' livelihoods and living
places. Using an interdisciplinary approach, the book analyses how
living in the city transforms and changes rural migrant households,
and explores the social lives and micro economies of migrant
neighbourhoods. It goes on to discuss changing housing and social
conditions and spatial changes in the urban villages of major
Chinese cities, as well as looking into transient urbanism and
examining the consequences of redevelopment and upgrading of the
'villages in the city'; in particular, the planning, regeneration,
politics of development, and socio-economic implications of these
immense social, economic and physical upheavals.
The story of Leeds and its architecture in the 120 years before the
First World War was one of remarkable development: industrial
growth on an heroic scale. As an adjunct to commercial,
manufacturing and commercial change came a stunning array of new
buildings, sufficiently grand to reflect the town's achievements as
well as its aspirations. In this book a total of 36 architects who
practised in Leeds are chronicled.
Action Analysis is one of the fundamental princples of animation
that underpins all types of animation: 2d, 3d, computer animation,
stop motion, etc. This is a fundamental skill that all animators
need to create polished, believable animation. An example of Action
Analysis would be Shrek's swagger in the film, Shrek. The animators
clearly understood (through action analysis) the type of walk
achieved by a large and heavy individual (the real) and then
applied their observations to the animated character of an ogre
(the fantastic). It is action analysis that enabled the animation
team to visually translate a real life situation into an ogre's
walk, achieving such fantastic results. Key animation skills are
demonstrated with in-depth illustrations, photographs and live
action footage filmed with high speed cameras. Detailed Case
Studies, practical assignments and industry interviews ground
action analysis methodology with real life examples. Action
Analysis for Animators is a essential guide for students, amateurs
and professionals. * A title that unites classic principles of
Action Analysis with contemporary workflows. Apply the practices of
action analysis to any animaton process. * Extensive illustrations
of people and animals in motion that break down the action of
animals and humans in a step-by-step manner. * Tips included
throughout the book on how to capture motion and analyse action. *
Detailed case studies illustrated with line drawings, diagrams,
photographs and live action footage, integrate real world examples
with practical knowledge. * DVD included as a resource for amateur
and experience animators, featuring Short Animations and Live
Action examples juxtaposed with stills of animals and humans in
motion.
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