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This book is a unique cross fertilization of aquatic ecology and
aquaculture. It shows how diets structure the digestive tract and
its microbiota and, in turn, the microbiota influences life history
traits of its host, including behavior. Short-term starvation can
have beneficial effects on individuals themselves and succeeding
generations which may acquire multiple stress resistances - a
mechanism strengthening the persistence of populations. From
terrestrial, but not yet from aquatic animals, it is understood
that circadian the rhythmicity makes toxins or good food. On the
long-term, the dietary basis impacts succeeding generations and can
trigger a sympatric speciation by (epi)-genetics. This volume
defines gaps in nutritional research and practice of farmed fishes
and invertebrates by referring to knowledge from marine and
freshwater biology. It also points out that dietary benefits and
deficiencies have effects on several succeeding generations,
indicating that well designed diets may have the potential to
successfully improve broodstock and breeding effort.
This book is a unique cross fertilization of aquatic ecology and
aquaculture. It shows how diets structure the digestive tract and
its microbiota and, in turn, the microbiota influences life history
traits of its host, including behavior. Short-term starvation can
have beneficial effects on individuals themselves and succeeding
generations which may acquire multiple stress resistances - a
mechanism strengthening the persistence of populations. From
terrestrial, but not yet from aquatic animals, it is understood
that circadian the rhythmicity makes toxins or good food. On the
long-term, the dietary basis impacts succeeding generations and can
trigger a sympatric speciation by (epi)-genetics. This volume
defines gaps in nutritional research and practice of farmed fishes
and invertebrates by referring to knowledge from marine and
freshwater biology. It also points out that dietary benefits and
deficiencies have effects on several succeeding generations,
indicating that well designed diets may have the potential to
successfully improve broodstock and breeding effort.
Not all stress is stressful; instead, it appears that stress in the
environment, below the mutation threshold, is essential for many
subtle manifestations of population structures and biodiversity,
and has played a substantial role in the evolution of life.
Intrigued by the behavior of laboratory animals that contradicted
our current understanding of stress, the author and his group
studied the beneficial effects of stress on animals and plants. The
seemingly "crazy" animals demonstrated that several stress
paradigms are outdated and have to be reconsidered. The book
describes the general stress responses in microorganisms, plants,
and animals to abiotic and biotic, to natural and anthropogenic
stressors. These stress responses include the activation of oxygen,
the biotransformation system, the stress proteins, and the
metal-binding proteins. The potential of stress response lies in
the transcription of genes, whereas the actual response is
manifested by proteins and metabolites. Yet, not all stress
responses are in the genes: micro-RNAs and epigenetics play central
roles. Multiple stressors, such as environmental realism, do not
always act additively; they may even diminish one another.
Furthermore, one stressor often prepares the subject for the next
one to come and may produce extended lifespans and increased
offspring numbers, thus causing shifts in population structures.
This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of the
ecological and evolutionary effects of stress.
As sequel to Aquatic Animal Nutrition - A Mechanistic Perspective
from Individuals to Generations, the present treatise on organic
macro- and micronutrients continues the unique cross fertilization
of aquatic ecology/ecophysiology and aquaculture. This treatise
considers proteins and their constituents, carbohydrates from mono-
to polysaccharides, fatty acids from free acids to fat, and waxes.
It becomes obvious that these organic nutrients are more than only
simple fuel for the metabolism of animals; rather, their
constituents have messenger and controlling function for the actual
consuming individual and even for succeeding generations. This
aspect will become particularly clear by putting the organisms
under consideration back into their ecosystem with their
interrelationships and interdependencies. Furthermore,
micronutrients, such as vitamins and nucleotides as well as
exogenous enzymes, are in the focus of this volume with known and
still-to-be-discovered controlling physiological and biomolecular
functions. Aquatic Animal Nutrition - Organic Macro and Micro
Nutrients addresses se veral gaps in nutritional research and
practice. One major gap is the lack of com mon research standards
and protocols for nutritional studies so that virtually
incomparable approaches have to be compared. This applies also to
the studied animals, since most approaches disregard intraspecific
variabilities and the existence of epimutations in farmed
individuals. Furthermore, recalling the Mechanistic Perspective
from Individuals to Generations, dietary benefits and deficiencies
have effects on succeeding generations. In most studies, this
long-term and sustainable aspect is overruled by pure short-term
production aspects. By comparing nutritional behavior and success
of fishes and invertebrates, Aqua tic Animal Nutrition points out
different metabolic pathways in these animal groups and discusses
how, for instance, fishes would benefit when having some successful
metabolic pathway of invertebrates. Application of novel ge ne tic
techniques will help turn this vision into reality. However, a
widely missing link in the current nutritional research is
epigenetics regarding transgenerational heritages of acquired
morphological and physiological properties. To in crease public
acceptance, nutritional optimization of farmed animals based on
this mechanism, rather than genetical engineering, appears
promising.
As sequel to Aquatic Animal Nutrition - A Mechanistic Perspective
from Individuals to Generations, the present treatise on organic
macro- and micronutrients continues the unique cross fertilization
of aquatic ecology/ecophysiology and aquaculture. This treatise
considers proteins and their constituents, carbohydrates from mono-
to polysaccharides, fatty acids from free acids to fat, and waxes.
It becomes obvious that these organic nutrients are more than only
simple fuel for the metabolism of animals; rather, their
constituents have messenger and controlling function for the actual
consuming individual and even for succeeding generations. This
aspect will become particularly clear by putting the organisms
under consideration back into their ecosystem with their
interrelationships and interdependencies. Furthermore,
micronutrients, such as vitamins and nucleotides as well as
exogenous enzymes, are in the focus of this volume with known and
still-to-be-discovered controlling physiological and biomolecular
functions. Aquatic Animal Nutrition - Organic Macro and Micro
Nutrients addresses se veral gaps in nutritional research and
practice. One major gap is the lack of com mon research standards
and protocols for nutritional studies so that virtually
incomparable approaches have to be compared. This applies also to
the studied animals, since most approaches disregard intraspecific
variabilities and the existence of epimutations in farmed
individuals. Furthermore, recalling the Mechanistic Perspective
from Individuals to Generations, dietary benefits and deficiencies
have effects on succeeding generations. In most studies, this
long-term and sustainable aspect is overruled by pure short-term
production aspects. By comparing nutritional behavior and success
of fishes and invertebrates, Aqua tic Animal Nutrition points out
different metabolic pathways in these animal groups and discusses
how, for instance, fishes would benefit when having some successful
metabolic pathway of invertebrates. Application of novel ge ne tic
techniques will help turn this vision into reality. However, a
widely missing link in the current nutritional research is
epigenetics regarding transgenerational heritages of acquired
morphological and physiological properties. To in crease public
acceptance, nutritional optimization of farmed animals based on
this mechanism, rather than genetical engineering, appears
promising.
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