Delay clauses in construction contracts are notoriously inadequate when invoked. The inherent, evidentiary uncertainties surrounding the causes and effects of project delays render them not only difficult to resolve when a dispute arises, but also difficult to regulate contractually. It is not surprising, then, that the governing law of the contract often plays a role when it comes to interpreting and applying contractual clauses dealing with delays, such as liquidated damages clauses and time extension clauses. And in many jurisdictions the governing law, while asserting the parties' right to contractual freedom, in fact fully or partly disables such clauses by restraining the employer's right to claim liquidated damages or imposing unfair contract terms rules. In this book well-known practitioners from twelve countries that attract large-scale international construction projects describe and analyse the interpretation and application of delay clauses under the laws of their respective countries. In each of their presentations the reader will find in-depth responses to the following questions: * Is the employer required to demonstrate a loss in order to claim liquidated damages? * Can the employer claim damages for delay as an alternative or in addition to a claim for liquidated damages? * Under which circumstances can the employer defeat a clause limiting the contractor's liability for delays? * Do interim delays trigger claims for liquidated damages? * How are claims for liquidated damages calculated and enforced? * Can the contractor claim a reduction of the employer's claim for liquidated damages? * Under what circumstances can the contractor or the employer claim an extension of an agreed time limit and who owns the 'float'? * How are concurrent delays dealt with? * Does the law impose any notice requirements on the employer in regard to claiming liquidated damages? * Under which circumstances does a delay warrant termination of the construction contract? In addition, each author includes a brief description of the construction law environment in his or her country and highlights pitfalls and advantages to be aware of when dealing with a standard construction contract, such as the FIDIC Red Book, in that country. As an eminently practical guide to relevant local law for project managers, engineers, consultants and others concerned in the administration and planning of major construction projects, this book will prove to be a very welcome resource. It will also be very helpful to legal advisors involved in the drafting and negotiation of major international construction contracts and/or in dispute resolution proceedings.

Vocational Education in the Nordic Countries: Learning from Diversity is the second of two books that disseminates new and systematic knowledge on the strengths and weaknesses of the different models of vocational education and training (VET) in four Nordic countries. Vocational education in Europe has resisted standardisation to a higher degree than other fields of education, and during the last decade, there has been a growth in international, comparative VET research. While the Nordic countries provide an ideal case for comparative education studies, the literature in English on the Nordic VET systems is at present very limited. This book provides thorough examinations of VET in Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland. Each section examines the current challenges for VET, compares how these challenges are managed, and explores recent reforms and institutional innovations. Contributors also analyse institutions and policies at the national level and include comparative studies of two occupations at the micro-level in the four countries. The book explores what can be learned from the diversity of the VET systems in the Nordic countries, which otherwise have many similarities and share a common heritage in education policy. This volume will help strengthen the knowledge base required for transnational policy learning, and for developing vocational education internationally for the future. As a result, the book will be of interest to researchers, academics and postgraduate students involved in the study of vocational education, educational studies and educational policy, as well as policy makers.

Vocational Education in the Nordic Countries: Learning from Diversity is the second of two books that disseminates new and systematic knowledge on the strengths and weaknesses of the different models of vocational education and training (VET) in four Nordic countries. Vocational education in Europe has resisted standardisation to a higher degree than other fields of education, and during the last decade, there has been a growth in international, comparative VET research. While the Nordic countries provide an ideal case for comparative education studies, the literature in English on the Nordic VET systems is at present very limited. This book provides thorough examinations of VET in Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland. Each section examines the current challenges for VET, compares how these challenges are managed, and explores recent reforms and institutional innovations. Contributors also analyse institutions and policies at the national level and include comparative studies of two occupations at the micro-level in the four countries. The book explores what can be learned from the diversity of the VET systems in the Nordic countries, which otherwise have many similarities and share a common heritage in education policy. This volume will help strengthen the knowledge base required for transnational policy learning, and for developing vocational education internationally for the future. As a result, the book will be of interest to researchers, academics and postgraduate students involved in the study of vocational education, educational studies and educational policy, as well as policy makers.