How was the use of violence against Muslims explained and justified in medieval Islam? What role did state punishment play in delineating the private from the public sphere? What strategies were deployed to cope with the suffering caused by punishment? These questions are explored in Christian Lange's in-depth study of the phenomenon of punishment, both divine and human, in eleventh-to-thirteenth-century Islamic society. The book examines the relationship between state and society in meting out justice, Muslim attitudes to hell and the punishments that were in store in the afterlife, and the legal dimensions of punishment. The cross-disciplinary approach embraced in this study, which is based on a wide variety of Persian and Arabic sources, sheds light on the interplay between theory and practice in Islamic criminal law, and between executive power and the religious imagination of medieval Muslim society at large.

William A. Graham is an influential and pioneering scholar of Islamic Studies at Harvard University. This volume brings together 17 contributions to the study of the Qur'an and Islam, all influenced by his work. Contributions to this collection, by his colleagues and students, treat many different aspects of Islamic scripture, from textual interpretation and hermeneutics to recitation and parallels with the Bible. Other chapters tackle in diverse ways the question of what it means to be "Islamic" and how such an identity may be constituted and maintained in history, thought, and learning. A final section reflects on the career of William Graham and the relation of scholarship to the undervalued tasks of academic administration, especially where the study of religion is concerned. This book will be of interest to readers of Islamic Studies, Qur'anic Studies, Islamic history, Religious Studies, scripture, exegesis, and history of the book. Given Graham's role at the Harvard Divinity School, and the discussions of how he has shaped the study of religion, the volume should be of interest to readership across the study of religion as a whole. Chapters 2 and 15 of this book are available for free in PDF format as Open Access from the individual product page at www.routledge.com. They have been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

In this book, Henrike Lange takes the reader on a tour through one of the most beloved and celebrated monuments in the world - Giotto's Arena Chapel. Paying close attention to previously overlooked details, Lange offers an entirely new reading of the stunning frescoes in their spatial configuration. The author also asks fundamental questions that define the chapel's place in Western art history. Why did Giotto choose an ancient Roman architectural frame for his vision of Salvation? What is the role of painted reliefs in the representation of personal integrity, passion, and the human struggle between pride and humility familiar from Dante's Divine Comedy? How can a new interpretation regarding the influence of ancient reliefs and architecture inform the famous "Assisi controversy" and cast new light on the debate around Giotto's authorship of the Saint Francis cycle? Illustrated with almost 200 color plates, this volume invites scholars and students to rediscover a key monument of art and architecture history and to see it with new eyes.

The Muslim afterworld, with its imagery rich in sensual promises, has shaped Western perceptions of Islam for centuries. However, to date, no single study has done justice to the full spectrum of traditions of thinking about the topic in Islamic history. The Muslim hell, in particular, remains a little studied subject. This book, which is based on a wide array of carefully selected Arabic and Persian texts, covers not only the theological and exegetical but also the philosophical, mystical, topographical, architectural and ritual aspects of the Muslim belief in paradise and hell, in both the Sunni and the Shi'i world. By examining a broad range of sources related to the afterlife, Christian Lange shows that Muslim religious literature, against transcendentalist assumptions to the contrary, often pictures the boundary between this world and the otherworld as being remarkably thin, or even permeable.

Quantitativeapproachesforsolvingproductionplanningandinventorymanagement problems in industry have gained growing importance in the past years. Due to the increasinguse of AdvancedPlanningSystems, a widespreadpracticalapplicationof the sophisticated optimization models and algorithms developed by the Production Management and Operations Research community now seem within reach. The possibility that productscan be replaced by certain substitute productsexists in various application areas of production planning and inventory management. Substitutions can be useful for a number of reasons, among others to circ- vent production and supply bottlenecks and disruptions, increase the service level, reduce setup costs and times, and lower inventories and thereby decrease ca- tal lockup. Considering the current trend in industry towards shorter product life cycles and greater product variety, the importance of substitutions appears likely to grow. Closely related to substitutions are ?exible bills-of-materials and recipes in multi-level production systems. However, so far, the aspect of substitutions has not attracted much attention in academic literature. Existing lot-sizing models matching complex requirements of industrial optimization problems (e.g., constrained capacities, sequence-dependent setups, multiple resources) such as the Capacitated Lot-Sizing Problem with Sequence-Dependent Setups (CLSD) and the General Lot-Sizing and Scheduling Problem for Multiple Production Stages (GLSPMS) do not feature in substitution options.

How was the use of violence against Muslims explained and justified in medieval Islam? What role did state punishment play in delineating the private from the public sphere? What strategies were deployed to cope with the suffering caused by punishment? These questions are explored in Christian Lange's in-depth study of the phenomenon of punishment, both divine and human, in eleventh-to-thirteenth-century Islamic society. The book examines the relationship between state and society in meting out justice, Muslim attitudes to hell and the punishments that were in store in the afterlife, and the legal dimensions of punishment. The cross-disciplinary approach embraced in this study, which is based on a wide variety of Persian and Arabic sources, sheds light on the interplay between theory and practice in Islamic criminal law, and between executive power and the religious imagination of medieval Muslim society at large.

This exploration of the role of violence in the history of Islamic societies considers the subject particularly in the context of its implementation as a political strategy to claim power over the public sphere. Violence, both among Muslims and between Muslims and non-Muslims, has been the object of research in the past, as in the case of jihad, martyrdom, rebellion or criminal law. This book goes beyond these concerns in addressing, in a comprehensive and cross-disciplinary fashion, how violence has functioned as a basic principle of Islamic social and political organization in a variety of historical and geographical contexts. Contributions trace the use of violence by governments in the history of Islam, shed light on legal views of violence, and discuss artistic and religious responses. Authors lay out a spectrum of attitudes rather than trying to define an Islamic doctrine of violence. Bringing together some of the most substantive and innovative scholarship on this important topic to date, this volume contributes to the growing interest, both scholarly and general, in the question of Muslim attitudes toward violence.

This volume takes political, social and cultural approaches to the study of the Seljuq dynasty, shedding new light on a variety of subjects. The various chapters cover geographical spectrum, from Central Asia and Persia to Iraq, Syria and Anatolia, and address questions such as the ideological foundations and ritual expressions of Seljuq power, the mutual attitudes of the learned classes and the Seljuq state, the organization of space, and the relationship between nomads and the settled peoples.

Among the most celebrated works of Modigliani’s brief but brilliant career are his large-format nudes. Drenched in color and glowing with the artist’s deep appreciation of women and the female form, these works ushered in a new era of nude portraiture, while also causing an enormous scandal. This stunning exhibition catalog offers a new perspective on this aspect of Modigliani’s work by examining for the first time his portraits of emancipated women sporting coupe garçonnes haircuts and wearing loin cloths. Modigliani was one of the first chroniclers of the femme moderne, which also influenced his nude painting and the scandal they caused. Featuring lavish reproductions and astute texts by leading scholars, this volume also examines Modigliani’s cultural context in European Classicism, from Toulouse-Lautrec and Cezanne to the work of his contemporaries, including Paula Modersohn-Becker, Gustav Klimt, Egon Schiele, Jeanne Mammen and Wilhelm Lehmbruck; and traces his impact on future European Modernism and New Objectivity.

The Muslim afterworld, with its imagery rich in sensual promises, has shaped Western perceptions of Islam for centuries. However, to date, no single study has done justice to the full spectrum of traditions of thinking about the topic in Islamic history. The Muslim hell, in particular, remains a little studied subject. This book, which is based on a wide array of carefully selected Arabic and Persian texts, covers not only the theological and exegetical but also the philosophical, mystical, topographical, architectural and ritual aspects of the Muslim belief in paradise and hell, in both the Sunni and the Shi'i world. By examining a broad range of sources related to the afterlife, Christian Lange shows that Muslim religious literature, against transcendentalist assumptions to the contrary, often pictures the boundary between this world and the otherworld as being remarkably thin, or even permeable.

Die vorliegende Dissertation entstand neben meiner Tatigkeit als wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Institut fur Werkzeugmaschinen und Betriebswissenschaften (iwb) der Technischen Universitat Munchen. Herrn Prof. Dr. -Ing. J. Milberg, dem Leiter dieses Instituts, gilt mein besonderer Dank fur die wohlwollende Foerderung und grosszugige Unterstutzung sowie fur die wertvol- len Hinweise, die zum erfolgreichen Gelingen meiner Arbeit entscheidend beigetragen haben. Ebenso moechte ich mich bei Herrn Prof. Dr. -Ing. B. -R. Hoehn, dem Inhaber des Lehr- stuhls fur Maschinenelemente, fur die aufmerksame Durchsicht der Arbeit und die sich daraus ergebenden Anregungen bedanken. Daruberhinaus spreche ich allen Mitarbeitern des Instituts und allen Studenten, die mich bei der Erstellung der Arbeit unterstutzt haben, meinen Dank aus. Munchen, im April 1992 Christian Lang I Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 1 1. 1. Situationsbeschreibung 1. 2. Zielsetzung der Arbeit 5 2. Verfugbarkeit von Fertigungssystemen 7 Definition der Verfugbarkeit 2. 1. 7 2. 1. 1. Kenngroessen der Funktionszuverlassigkeit 9 2. 1. 2. Kenngroessen der Instandhaltbarkeit 12 2. 1. 3. Kenngroessen der Verfugbarkeit 14 2. 2. Situationsanalyse 15 2. 2. 1. Verfugbarkeitsprobleme bei Fertigungssystemen 15 2. 2. 2. Moeglichkeiten der Verfugbarkeitssicherung 22 2. 3. Verfahren der Verfugbarkeitsprognose 24 2. 3. 1. Einteilung der Verfahren und Methoden 24 2. 3. 2. Zeitbetrachtungen 25 2. 3. 3. Analytisch-probabilistische Methoden 27 2. 3. 3. 1. Boolesches Modell 27 2. 3. 3. 2. Markoff-Methode 28 2. 3. 3. 3. Fehlerbaumanalyse 33 2. 3. 4. Informatorisch-organisatorische Methoden 34 2. 3. 4. 1. Zuverlassigkeitsmanagement 34 2. 3. 4. 2.

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ Versuch Einer Begrundungslehre Des Rechts Johann Christian Lange

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ Laere Om De Naturlige Vande Johann Christian Lange Fiction; Classics; Fiction / Classics

Aufgepasst An alle Menschen, die Ihre private Altersvorsorge optimal aufstellen mochten. Aufgepasst An alle Bankberater und Versicherungsvermittler da draussen, denn ein neues Beratungskonzept setzt sich durch. Aufgepasst An alle Produktanbieter im Bereich der privaten Altersvorsorge. Dieses Buch klart Sie auf uber eine alternative Beratungs- und Vergutungsform. Privatkunden konnen viel Geld sparen. Bankberater sollten sich informieren wie die Beratung von morgen aussehen kann und Produkthersteller sollten jetzt darauf reagieren was die Kunden wollen. Deutlich mehr Transparenz und die volle Kosten-kontrolle

Diplomarbeit aus dem Jahr 2011 im Fachbereich BWL - Unternehmensfuhrung, Management, Organisation, Note: 1,3, Hamburger Fern-Hochschule, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: 1. Einleitung Die Bedeutung von Forschung und Entwicklung (F&E) ist aus okonomischer Sicht in der heutigen Zeit unbestritten. Innovationen als Ergebnis von F&E sind elementare Faktoren zur Verbesserung von Wettbewerbsfahigkeit, Produktivitat und Wachstum. Forschungsintensive Standorte werden daher aufgrund des gestiegenen Interesses mit besonderer Aufmerksamkeit betrachtet. Verschiedene Regionen und einzelne Staaten sind auch dazu ubergegangen, die Moglichkeiten der ansassigen Unternehmen in den Bereichen Forschung und Entwicklung gezielt zu verbessern und zu fordern. Neben den etablierten und weithin verbreiteten politischen Ansichten zu Forschung und Entwicklung ist mittlerweile auch ein noch recht neues Phanomen in Erscheinung getreten und dabei, sich durchzusetzen: die Vereinbarung von Kooperationen in den Sektoren Forschung, Entwicklung und Innovation. Die Bedeutung dieses Bereichs hat in den letzten Jahren signifikant zugenommen - gerade in der technologisch intensiven Branche der Automobilindustrie. Die weltweite Automobilindustrie sieht sich momentan einem tiefgreifenden Umbruch mit weitreichenden Folgen ausgesetzt, der sog. dritten Revolution der Automobilindustrie." 1 Auf der Herstellerseite drangen neue Fahrzeuganbieter - speziell aus China - auf die europaischen und nordamerikanischen Markte, die bislang den etablierten Produzenten vorbehalten" waren. Parallel dazu entstehen auf der Absatzseite durch die Globalisierung und dem damit verbundenen wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung in den sog. Schwellenlander" - allen voran die sog. BRIC-Staaten," bestehend aus Brasilien, Russland, Indien und China - neue Absatzmarkte. Da in diesen Volkswirtschaften immer breitere Gesellschaftsschichten entstehen, die auch zunehmend die Mobilitat fur sich entdecken und sich diese auch finanziell leisten konnen, mus

Die Bedeutung von Forschung und Entwicklung (F&E) ist aus okonomischer Sicht in der heutigen Zeit unbestritten. Innovationen als Ergebnis von F&E sind elementare Faktoren zur Verbesserung von Wettbewerbsfahigkeit, Produktivitat und Wachstum. Forschungsintensive Standorte werden daher aufgrund des gestiegenen Interesses mit besonderer Aufmerksamkeit betrachtet. In der F&E hat sich mittlerweile ein neues Phanomen verbreitet: Die Vereinbarung von Kooperationen in den Bereichen Forschung, Entwicklung und Innovation. Besonders in der technologisch intensiven Automobilindustrie tritt diese Art der Zusammenarbeit mittlerweile haufig in Erscheinung. Die Fahrzeugbauer und Zulieferer entwickeln sowohl untereinander als auch miteinander neue Technologien und Innovationen. Doch sind die gegenwartig existierenden Kooperationsformen in der Lage, den Anforderungen an eine zunehmend globalisierte Branche Rechnung zu tragen? Und was bedeutet das fur die Kooperationspartner? Diese Untersuchung reflektiert die heutige Lage in der Automobilindustrie und gibt mit Kooperation 2030" einen interessanten Ausblick in die Zukunft.

Diplomarbeit aus dem Jahr 2012 im Fachbereich BWL - Bank, Borse, Versicherung, Note: 2,3, Fachhochschule Sudwestfalen; Abteilung Hagen, Sprache: Deutsch, Anmerkungen: Wer? Christian Lange. Absolvent des Fernstudiums in Hagen. Warum? Herr Lange arbeitete fur eine grosse deutsche Bank und beriet bundesweit Banken zu nachhaltigen Kapitalanlagen fur die Okorenta AG. In den Jahren 2010-2012 betreute er als Regionalleiter uber 50 Finanzberater und Versicherungsmakler bei der Honorarkonzept GmbH in Gottingen. Herr Lange entschied sich daher seine praktische Erfahrungen mit einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit zu verbinden. Nutzen? Die Diplomarbeit richtet sich an Privatkunden, Vermittler und Produkthersteller., Abstract: Um einem Kunden ein Anlageprodukt vermitteln zu konnen, welches zu seiner Situation und Risikobereitschaft passt, braucht ein Finanzberater fundierte und aktuelle Kenntnisse uber den Finanzmarkt. Fur den Aufwand einer sorgfaltigen Analyse und die Umsetzung einer umfangreichen Beratung erwartet er zu Recht eine angemessene Vergutung. Diese erhalt der Berater im klassischen Modell durch Zahlungen des Produktanbieters. Abschluss-, Verwaltungs- und Transaktionskosten werden durch den Anbieter eingenommen und zu einem Teil an den Vermittler weitergeleitet. Doch an diesem Modell wird immer wieder Kritik geubt. Die Hauptkritikpunkte sind unklare Kostenstrukturen, unverstandliche Produktinformationen und durch das Modell entstehende Fehlanreize. Insbesondere weil Produkte mit intransparenten Kosten- und Risikostrukturen auch in der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise eine bedeutende Rolle gespielt haben, gewinnt die alternative Beratungsform der Honorarberatung immer mehr an Bedeutung. Die vorliegende Arbeit thematisiert ausschliesslich die Finanzberatung im Bereich der Versicherungen (Honorarfinanzberatung). Im Vordergrund der Untersuchung stehen die freien Finanzvermittler, die unter den verschiedensten Bezeichnungen firmieren. Auf einige einleitende Satze z