This text introduces the semantic aspects of natural language processing and its applications. Topics covered include: measuring word meaning similarity, multi-lingual querying, and parametric theory, named entity recognition, semantics, query language, the and the nature of language. The book also emphasizes the portions of mathematics needed to understand the discussed algorithms.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Formal Concept Analysis, ICFCA 2014, held in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, in June 2014. The 16 regular papers presented together with 3 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 39 submissions. The papers in this volume cover a rich range of FCA aspects, such as theory, enhanced FCA. Knowledge discovery and knowledge spaces, as well as methods and applications. In addition the book contains a reprint of the first publication "Sub direct decomposition of concept lattices" by Rudolf Wille.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Formal Concept Analysis, ICFCA 2015, held in Neja, Spain, in June 2015. The 16 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 38 submissions. The topics in this volume cover theoretical aspects of FCA; methods and applications of FCA to different fields and enhanced FCA that show new trends in FCA, for instance, pattern structures of fuzzy FCA.