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The teaching of Latin remained important after the Conquest but
Anglo-Norman now became a language of instruction and, from the
thirteenth century onwards, a language to be learned. During this
period English lexicographers were more numerous, more identifiable
and their works more varied, for example: the tremulous hand of
Worcester created an Old English-Latin glossary, and Walter de
Bibbesworth wrote a popular contextualized verse vocabulary of
Anglo-Norman country life and activities. The works and techniques
of Latin scholars such as Adam of Petit Point, Alexander Nequam,
and John of Garland were influential throughout the period. In
addition, grammarians' and schoolmasters' books preserve material
which in some cases seems to have been written by them. The
material discussed ranges from a twelfth-century glossary written
at a minor monastic house to four large alphabetical
fifteenth-century dictionaries, some of which were widely
available. Some material seems to connect with the much earlier Old
English glossaries in ways not yet fully understood.
Anglo-Saxon lexicography studies Latin texts and words. The
earliest English lexicographers are largely unidentifiable
students, teachers, scholars and missionaries. Materials brought
from abroad by early teachers were augmented by their teachings and
passed on by their students. Lexicographical material deriving from
the early Canterbury school remains traceable in glossaries
throughout this period, but new material was constantly added.
Aldhelm and Alfric Bata, among others, wrote popular, much studied
hermeneutic texts using rare, exotic words, often derived from
glossaries, which then contributed to other glossaries. Alfric of
Eynsham is a rare identifiable early English lexicographer, unusual
in his lack of interest in hermeneutic vocabulary. The focus is
largely on context and the process of creation and intended use of
glosses and glossaries. Several articles examine intellectual
centres where scholars and texts came together, for example,
Theodore and Hadrian in Canterbury; Aldhelm in Malmesbury; Dunstan
at Christ Church, Canterbury; Athelwold in Winchester; King
Athelstan's court; Abingdon; Glastonbury; and Worcester.
The shaky handwriting of the thirteenth-century scribe known as
`the tremulous hand of Worcester' appears in at least twenty
manuscripts dating from the late ninth to the twelfth century,
glossing perhaps 50,000 Old English words, sometimes into Middle
English, but much more often into Latin. This book examines the
full range of the scribe's work and addresses some important
questions, such as which of the Worcester glosses may be attributed
to him, why he glossed the words he did, what the purpose of the
glossing may have been, and how well he knew or came to know Old
English. Christine Franzen argues that the scribe went through a
methodical learning process, one step of which was the preparation
of a first-letter alphabetical English-Latin word list, the
earliest known in the English language. This first full-scale study
of the Worcester glosses is important for the wealth of information
it provides about the work methods of the tremulous scribe, the
English language at a transitional point in its history, and about
the ability to read Old English in the thirteenth century.
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