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Carlisle City Council redeveloped the Lanes from the mid-1970s, a
densely built-up area in the north-east corner of the city's
historic core, crossed by 19 narrow 'vennels'. These, together with
most of the adjacent buildings, were swept away by the construction
of the Lanes shopping centre. Previous archaeological work had
confirmed complex Roman and medieval deposits on the site, most of
which would be destroyed by the development, and many of the
buildings were of historical and architectural interest. A
programme of archaeological and historical investigation, including
building recording, was therefore undertaken, principally funded by
Carlisle City Council, the Department of the Environment (now
Historic England), and the Manpower Services Commission, completed
between 1978 and 1982. Historic England also funded the
post-excavation analysis and this publication. The Lanes remains
one of the largest and most significant archaeological projects
ever undertaken in northern England. The project was split into the
northern and southern Lanes, the results of the latter being
published in 2000, though it only included a summary of the
standing-building survey. This volume, the companion to the 2019
publication of the Roman remains at the northern site, presents the
evidence for post-Roman activity. The site appears to have been
abandoned by the fifth century, layers of 'dark earth' accumulating
over the latest Roman levels. Several decades after Carlisle was
re-established by William II, narrow burgage plots were created,
extending from Scotch Street to the recently constructed city wall.
These were intensively occupied from then on and yielded a wealth
of evidence for the everyday lives of the inhabitants. Around the
mid-thirteenth century, the lanes themselves were created between
these plots, probably to improve access, and this distinctive
pattern of land-use persisted until the modern redevelopment.
The Bay Gateway, opened in 2016, is a new road linking the M6
motorway, north of Lancaster, to the port of Heysham. Its
construction has provided an important opportunity to investigate
the little-studied early landscape of Lancashire's rural lower Lune
Valley. The archaeological investigation was focused on seven areas
that had been defined by almost a decade of preliminary works. The
earliest remains included evidence of prehistoric settlement, at a
location that had seen repeated activity in the Mesolithic and
Neolithic periods, and during the Bronze Age. The findings make a
significant contribution to the understanding of several millennia
of human activity that are otherwise poorly understood in
Lancashire. The most extensive remains, dating from the twelfth to
the mid-fifteenth century AD, were found on either side of the
Howgill Brook. Several buildings, in both timber and stone, as well
as kilns and channels, are thought to represent the remains of one
or more water mills associated with Beaumont Grange, an estate
belonging to Furness Abbey. This volume arises from the
multi-disciplinary approach to the archaeological sites, with the
emphasis placed on the integration of a wide range of data. It
comprises the work of several authors from Oxford Archaeology, as
well as external specialists.
This volume presents the findings of the largest campaign of
archaeological investigation yet undertaken along Liverpool's
historic waterfront, by Oxford Archaeology North and the National
Museums Liverpool Field Archaeology Unit. This work centred on the
areas of Mann Island, Pier Head, and the Central Docks, all places
that either fall within, or are directly adjacent to, the Liverpool
- Maritime Mercantile City World Heritage Site, and it formed a
prelude to the construction of a commercial development and the
Museum of Liverpool, and also the extension of the Leeds and
Liverpool Canal. The investigations uncovered numerous remains
relating to eighteenth- and nineteenth-century dock building and
land reclamation, as well as concomitant evidence for the use and
occupation of the waterfront, and the wider town, during these
periods. The archaeological evidence has been complemented by
detailed historical research, which together provide significant
insights into the dynamic and evolving system of dock and quayside
development, occurring between the early eighteenth and early
twentieth centuries. This development was integral to Liverpool's
wider history, and the archaeological remains reflect the port's
nascent post-medieval growth, commercial zenith during the
nineteenth century, and eventual twentieth-century decline, prior
to the extensive schemes of urban regeneration which now
characterise the present-day waterfront. Moreover, this extensive
campaign of investigation indicates how archaeology along the
waterfront represents an important technique for uncovering the
nuances of an area that was integral to the rise and success of
Liverpool, and which also continues to exert a significant sway on
Liverpool's cultural and economic identity.
In the mid-1970s, Carlisle City Council finalised proposals for the
redevelopment of the Lanes, a densely built-up area in the
north-east corner of the city's historic core, which, at the time,
was crossed by 19 narrow lanes or vennels. These were to be swept
away, and the area cleared, for the construction of the Lanes
shopping centre. Previous archaeological work had confirmed the
existence of complex Roman and medieval deposits in this part of
the city, most of which would be destroyed by the new development.
Consequently, a programme of archaeological and historical
investigation, funded by Carlisle City Council, the Department of
the Environment (now Historic England), the Manpower Services
Commission, the Marc Fitch Fund and the Society of Antiquaries of
London, was undertaken between 1978 and 1982. Historic England also
provided substantial funding for post-excavation analysis and
publication of the project's results. To this day, the Lanes
retains its position as one of the largest and most significant
urban archaeological projects ever undertaken in northern England.
For post-excavation purposes, the project was split into two parts,
the northern and southern Lanes, the results of the latter being
published in 2000. The current volume presents the evidence for
Roman occupation within the northern Lanes, from the construction
of a probable military camp and a series of large timber buildings,
possibly mansiones, in the early Roman period, to the expansion of
civilian settlement across this area during the mid-late second
century AD, which saw the emergence of a distinct pattern of
building plots. Good preservation of waterlogged organic materials
was a feature of the earlier levels, which yielded a wealth of
environmental information and many artefacts of wood and leather.
The post-Roman evidence from the northern Lanes will be presented
in a companion volume.
The origins of Bewsey Old Hall, in the Royal Forest of Burtonwood,
probably lie in the late twelth or early thirteenth century, when
it was held by the influential Butler family, barons of Warrington.
Although much altered and diminished, Bewsey Old Hall still stands,
beginning its existence as an aisled hall, surrounded by
out-buildings. It is not clear when the site was moated, but a
local watercourse was probably diverted at an early stage. Badly
damaged by fire in the fourteenth century, the hall was
substantially rebuilt, wholly or partially in stone. Parts of this
complex of medieval buildings survived into the sixteenth or
seventeenth century. Having been owned by the Butlers until 1586,
ownership passed briefly to the Earl of Leicester, but it was soon
sold on to the Ireland family, later passing to their successors,
the Athertons. In the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century,
a fashionable new brick house was built on the site, incorporating
or reusing elements of the medieval hall. It was much enhanced in
the seventeenth century by the creation of a formal terraced garden
furniture, although the terracing had been levelled by 1724.
Bewsey's remaining medieval structures were demolished during the
eighteenth century, when the hall was extended, and landscaping
works filled in parts of the moat and enlarged others as water
features. In 1863, a 'New Hall' was built, and Bewsey Old Hall was
left in the hands of tenants, until, in considerable disrepair, it
was acquired by Warrington Development Corporation in 1974. During
the late 1970s and until the mid-1980s, the site's development was
traced through examination of the building, extensive excavation,
and documentary research. This volume paints a vivid picture of
Bewsey's development, the trials and tribulations of its
inhabitants, and their relationship with the world around them.
The A66 has been a routeway of significance for at least 2000
years, linking the east and west of the country by the Stainmore
Pass. Archaeological excavation ahead of the upgrading of the A66
to dual carriageway, between Greta Bridge and Scotch Corner,
provided an important opportunity to investigate the development of
the landscape. The archaeological remains discovered range in date
from early prehistory to the nineteenth century, and particularly
from the Iron Age and early Roman period (c 800 BC - AD 100). One
of the most significant results was the important new dating
evidence for a section of the Scots Dyke, a substantial linear
earthwork between the Rivers Tees and Swale. It has been dated to
the early-middle Iron Age, which places it within the wider Iron
Age and Roman landscape revealed by the road improvement scheme.
This may indicate that it was related in some way to the Iron Age
tribal centre at nearby Stanwick. The volume arises from a
multi-disciplinary approach to the archaeology, with the emphasis
placed on interpreting the sites within their wider landscape
context. It involved a multiplicity of authors, ranging from staff
at Oxford Archaeology North, to external specialists, including
staff at Lancaster University and University College, London.
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