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This book provides a molecular view of membrane transport by means
of numerous biochemical and biophysical techniques. The rapidly
growing numbers of atomic structures of transporters in different
conformations and the constant progress in bioinformatics have
recently added deeper insights. The unifying mechanism of energized
solute transport across membranes is assumed to consist of the
conformational cycling of a carrier protein to provide access to
substrate binding sites from either side of a cellular membrane.
Due to the central role of active membrane transport there is
considerable interest in deciphering the principles of one of the
most fundamental processes in nature: the alternating access
mechanism. This book brings together particularly significant
structure-function studies on a variety of carrier systems from
different transporter families: Glutamate symporters, LeuT-like
fold transporters, MFS transporters and SMR (RND) exporters, as
well as ABC-type importers. The selected examples impressively
demonstrate how the combination of functional analysis,
crystallography, investigation of dynamics and computational
studies has made it possible to create a conclusive picture or more
precisely, "a molecular movie". Although we are still far from a
complete molecular description of the alternating access mechanism,
remarkable progress has been made from static snapshots towards
membrane transport dynamics.
This book provides a molecular view of membrane transport by
means of numerous biochemical and biophysical techniques. The
rapidly growing numbers of atomic structures of transporters in
different conformations and the constant progress in bioinformatics
have recently added deeper insights.The unifying mechanism of
energized solute transport across membranes is assumed to consist
of the conformational cycling of a carrier protein to provide
access to substrate binding sites from either side of a cellular
membrane. Due to the central role of active membrane transport
there is considerable interest in deciphering the principles of one
of the most fundamental processes in nature: the alternating access
mechanism.This book brings together particularly significant
structure-function studies on a variety of carrier systems from
different transporter families: Glutamate symporters, LeuT-like
fold transporters, MFS transporters and SMR (RND) exporters, as
well as ABC-type importers.The selected examples impressively
demonstrate how the combination of functional analysis,
crystallography, investigation of dynamics and computational
studies has made it possible to create a conclusive picture or more
precisely, a molecular movie . Although we are still far from a
complete molecular description of the alternating access mechanism,
remarkable progress has been made from static snapshots towards
membrane transport dynamics."
Aging represents a physiological and "per se" non-pathological
and multifactorial process involving a set of key genes and
mechanisms being triggered by different endogenous and exogenous
factors. Since aging is a major risk factor in connection with a
variety of human disorders, it is increasingly becoming a central
topic in biochemical and medical research. The plethora of theories
on aging some of which have been discussed for decades are neither
isolated nor contradictory but instead can be connected in a
network of pathways and processes at the cellular and molecular
levels. This book summarizes the most prominent and important
approaches, focusing on telomeres, DNA damage and oxidative stress
as well as on the possible role of nutrition, the interplay between
genes and environment (epigenetics) and intracellular protein
homeostasis and introduces some genes that have actually extended
life spans in animal models. Linking these different determinants
of aging with disease, this volume aims to reveal their multiple
interdependencies. We see that there is no single perfect theory of
aging and that instead it is possible to define what the authors
call the "molecular aging matrix" of the cell. A better knowledge
of its key mechanisms and the mutual connections between its
components will lead to a better understanding of age-associated
disorders such as Alzheimer s disease."
A Structure-Function Toolbox for Membrane Transporter and Channels,
Volume 594, a new release in the Methods in Enzymology series,
continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters
authored by leaders in the field. New chapters in the updated
serial include Cryo-EM on membrane proteins embedded in nanodics,
Solid-Supported membrane-based electrophysiology on membrane
transporters and channels, Saposin-lipoprotein scaffolds for
structure determination of membrane transporters and channels,
Single-molecule FRET on transporters, Dynamics of channels and
transporters investigated by NMR, Structure-function studies on
channels and transporters, and a section on MemStar, a new
GFP-based expression and purification system for transporters and
channels.
Dieses Buch fuhrt in die wichtigsten Theorien des Alterns ein; es
konzentriert sich auf Telomere, DNA-Schadigung, oxidativen Stress,
die Rolle der Nahrstoffversorgung bzw. -erkennung, das
Zusammenspiel von Genen und Umwelt (Epigenetik) und die
Proteinhomoeostase und stellt einige Gene vor, die die Lebensdauer
in Modellorganismen zu verandern in der Lage sind. Indem es die
verschiedenen das Altern bestimmenden Faktoren mit Erkrankungen des
Menschen verknupft, sucht das Buch ihre vielfaltigen
Wechselbeziehungen und Abhangigkeiten aufzuzeigen und zu einer
molekularen Matrix des Alterns zusammenzufuhren. Von diesem Buch
werden alle profitieren, die sich einen profunden UEberblick uber
die Mechanismen der Zellalterung und ihre Verknupfung mit
altersassoziierten Erkrankungen des Menschen verschaffen wollen.
The book gathers lecture notes of courses given at the 2014 summer
school on integrated biology in Les Houches, France, Session CII.
It addresses an emerging field ranging from molecules to cells and
to organisms. Through examples it presents a new way of thinking
using a combination of interdisciplinary and cutting-edge methods,
bridging physics and biology beyond current biophysics. Important
novel developments are expected in the coming years that may well
introduce paradigm shifts in biological science. The school had the
ambition to prepare participants to become major actors in these
breakthroughs. The power of integrated approaches is illustrated
through two cases: interactions between viruses and host cells, and
flower development. The role of forces in biology, as well as their
mathematical modeling, is illustrated in both processes: how they
allow flower organs to emerge or how they control membrane fusion
during virus budding. The book also underlines the importance of
conformational changes and dynamics of proteins particularly during
membrane processes. It explains how membrane proteins can be
handled and studied by molecular simulations. Finally, the book
also contains concepts in cell biology, in thermodynamics and
several novel approaches such as in-cell NMR. Altogether, the
chapters show how examining a biological system from different
viewpoints based on multidisciplinary aspects often leads to
enriching controversial arguments.
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