Despite the dramatic expansion of consumer culture from the beginning of the eighteenth century onwards and the developments in retailing, advertising and credit relationships in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, there were a significant number of working families in Britain who were not fully free to consume as they chose. These employees were paid in truck, or in goods rather than currency. This book will explore and analyse the changing ways that truck and workplace deductions were experienced by different groups in British society, arguing that it was far more common than has previously been acknowledged. This analysis brings to light issues of class and gender; the discourse of free trade, popular politics and protest; the development of the trade union movement; and the use of the legal system as an instrument for bringing about social and legal change.

Despite the dramatic expansion of consumer culture from the beginning of the eighteenth century onwards and the developments in retailing, advertising and credit relationships in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, there were a significant number of working families in Britain who were not fully free to consume as they chose. These employees were paid in truck, or in goods rather than currency. This book will explore and analyse the changing ways that truck and workplace deductions were experienced by different groups in British society, arguing that it was far more common than has previously been acknowledged. This analysis brings to light issues of class and gender; the discourse of free trade, popular politics and protest; the development of the trade union movement; and the use of the legal system as an instrument for bringing about social and legal change.

In recent years, social and legal historians have called into question the degree to which the labour that fuelled and sustained industrialization in England was actually 'free'. The corpus of statutes known as master and servant law has been a focal point of interest: throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, at the behest of employers, mine owners, and manufacturers, Parliament regularly supplemented and updated the provisions of these statutes with new legislation which contained increasingly harsh sanctions for workers who left work, performed it poorly, or committed acts of misbehaviour. The statutes were characterized by a double standard of sanctions, which treated workers' breach of contract as a criminal offence, but offered only civil remedies for the broken promises of employers. Surprisingly little scholarship has looked into resistance to the Master and Servant laws. This book examines the tactics, rhetoric and consequences of a sustained legal and political campaign by English and Welsh trade unions, Chartists, and a few radical solicitors against the penal sanctions of employment law during the mid-nineteenth century. By bringing together historical narratives that are all too frequently examined in isolation, Christopher Frank is able to draw new conclusions about the development of the English legal system, trade unionism and popular politics of the period. The author demonstrates how the use of imprisonment for breach of a labour contract under master and servant law, and its enforcement by local magistrates, played a significant role in shaping labour markets, disciplining workers and combating industrial action in many regions of England and Wales, and further into the British Empire. By combining social and legal history the book reveals the complex relationship between parliamentary legislation, its interpretation by the high courts, and its enforcement by local officials. This work marks an important contribution to legal

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is now considered one of the most essential and cost-effective techniques in the assessment of a wide range of gastrointestinal diseases. A remarkably versatile, minimally invasive procedure, it also calls for a high level of anatomic knowledge and technical prowess. This revised and updated lavishly illustrated volume -- a textbook and atlas in one -- offers medical professionals the most comprehensive overview of EUS available, as well as a wealth of valuable insights from leaders in the field. Features: More than 1000 high-quality images Logical, easy-to-use structure, including the requisite anatomy and pathology Strategies for selecting patients and procedures, including hygiene requirements, informed consent, patient positioning and monitoring, and more Precise clinical descriptions and valuable tips and techniques for diagnosis and treatment Guidance on the successful handling of needling and catheters Insightful discussions of the uses and limitations of evolving techniques Chapters on contrast-enhanced EUS techniques and SonoElastography, new chapters on "Hot Spots of Interventional EUS" and Portal Hypertension Accompanying DVD with over 60 video sequences and 30 still images on selected topics Written for specialists and trainees in gastroenterology, pneumology, and surgery, Endoscopic Ultrasound is essential reading for anyone wishing to explore and exploit the potential of state-of-the-art EUS.

Markgrafin Karoline Luise von Baden (1723-1783), seit 1751 verheiratet mit Markgraf Karl Friedrich von Baden-Durlach, war eine Sammlerin von europaischem Rang. Durch ihr internationales Korrespondentennetzwerk machte sie die noch junge Residenzstadt Karlsruhe zu einem Ort regen intellektuellen Austauschs. Aufgeklarter Esprit, Kunstliebe und geschicktes Agieren auf dem franzoesischen, niederlandischen und deutschen Kunstmarkt zeichnen ihr Sammeln aus. Der begleitende Aufsatzband zur Grossen Landesausstellung Baden-Wurttemberg in der Staatlichen Kunsthalle Karlsruhe vom 30. Mai bis 6. September 2015, mit Schwerpunkt auf der Prasentation des uber 200 Gemalde umfassenden privaten Mahlerey-Cabinets der Markgrafin Karoline Luise von Baden, enthalt zwanzig Forschungsbeitrage renommierter Autoren, die 2014 auf einer Tagung in Karlsruhe prasentiert wurden.