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What defines the social practices we currently call norms? They
make theft forbidden, eating with a fork advisable, and paintings
beautiful. Norms are commonly thought of as moral justifications
for doing one thing and not doing another. They are also described
in terms of their outcomes or effects, serving as mere causal
explanations. The Possibility of Norms proposes a broader view of
how norms function, how they are articulated, and how they are
realized. It may be asking too much if we expect norms to be
effective or morally right. Many norms are simply ineffective and
many are at most ineffectively justifiable. Drawing upon a rich
array of texts - from law and jurisprudence to philosophy,
aesthetics, and the social sciences - Moellers argues for
conceiving of social norms as positively marked possibilities.
Positively marking a possibility indicates that it should be
realized. Normativity thus hinges on judging the world from a
distance and acknowledging the possibility of divergent states of
the world. Hence, it is no longer theoretically problematic that
there are morally unjustified norms, nor that norms can be broken.
On the contrary, allowing for breaches may be an important feature
of normativity. Moellers's conceptual study sheds new light on a
range of paradigms in the humanities, social sciences, and cultural
studies, reframing several aspects of norm theory and questioning
the theoretical assumptions underlying existing empirical work on
normativity.
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