This book presents a collection and analysis of original policy documents, newly translated into English, from a key period of Chinese development, providing both a current and a retrospective analysis of China's economic reform efforts. Topics dealt with include the evolution of Chinese economic strategy; economic planning and the spread of market mechanisms; technology transfer in industry; evolution of an agricultural system; the development of population policy; and foreign economic relations. The collection will be of great interest not only to scholars and students of Chinese studies, but also to professionals and social scientists concerned with China but unable to read source documents in Chinese.

Chinese Technology Transfer in the 1990s examines - with special reference to the reform policy and encouragement of foreign direct investment - scientific policy, research and development and technology transfer in the People's Republic of China.The book presents new original work by leading Chinese and British scholars who provide an up-to-date account of recent developments in the rapidly changing process of technological modernization, and of the current problems China is now facing. It demonstrates the extent to which technology policy and transfer from abroad remain central to the successful economic development of China. The authors also highlight the character of the continuing debate within China on these issues. Complementing these articles are authoritative discussions on technology transfer, innovation and industrial development from theoretical, historical and international perspectives. The book will be of interest to governments, international agencies interested in the economic development of China, academics and graduate students.

China's rapid economic development is having profound implications for energy resources. China has always been exceptionally reliant on its abundant coal, but consumption of oil and gas have grown rapidly since reform began in the 1980s. In spite of vigorous domestic development - most recently in the Tarim Basin - China is now consuming approximately 8 per cent of the world's oil output but producing only 4 per cent. China's emergence as an energy importer has given rise to concerns that it is a major contributor to recent turmoil in energy markets. This book examines China's record of oil and gas development, its refining capacity, and energy prospects. The authors conclude that there are no fundamental reasons for anxiety about China's demands on the world energy economy, but they emphasize that its energy future will depend critically on a continuation of reform and internationalization. China and the Global Energy Crisis is a concise but detailed study of these issues. This book will appeal not only to readers concerned with China and energy issues, but also to a wider readership seeking to understand China's development and its global meaning.

This book presents a collection and analysis of original policy documents, newly translated into English, from a key period of Chinese development, providing both a current and a retrospective analysis of China's economic reform efforts. Topics dealt with include the evolution of Chinese economic strategy; economic planning and the spread of market mechanisms; technology transfer in industry; evolution of an agricultural system; the development of population policy; and foreign economic relations. The collection will be of great interest not only to scholars and students of Chinese studies, but also to professionals and social scientists concerned with China but unable to read source documents in Chinese.

A study of China's urban employment problems set in the context of growth and fluctuations in the urban economy between 1949 and 1957. Its main objectives are to analyse the size and determinants or urban employment change, and to trace the evolution both of Chinese thinking about employment and the institutions of labour control that reflected this thinking in day-to-day administration. Important source materials used in this book, many of which had not previously been used by western scholars, include the journal of the Ministry of Labour and local newspapers and journals. These materials are used to show the ways in which the urban employment problem varied according to the geographical location and level of administration from which it was viewed. Dr Howe examines the changing urban economic environment and the dimensions of urban employment and its evolution and relates them to the broader understanding of economic change in China.

This book provides an analysis of changes in the level and structure of wages in China from the 1920s to 1972. In the first part of the study Dr Howe uses this analysis as a starting point to evaluate the degree to which wage policy objectives have been achieved, particularly since 1949. The author explains both fluctuations in policy and discrepancies between plans and reality and examines the mechanisms of wage determination. In so doing, he makes it clear that even in a highly planned society there are some limits to what is possible in the regulation of wages and incomes. He goes on to argue that the wage system can only be understood within a common analysis of the whole framework of incentives and controls affecting the workforce. This approach sheds new light, not only on the development of the wage system but on economic aspects of the Cultural Revolution and its aftermath.

Shanghai is Asia??'s largest city and for over a hundred years has played a critical role both in China??'s internal political arid economic affairs, and in the history of international relations in the Far East. Before 1949, Shanghai was the principal point of western and, later, Japanese penetrations of China. Under foreign control the city saw the beginnings of modern economic growth, of new forms of westernized education and culture, and of fierce social and political conflicts. This book is a comprehensive study of the way in which old Shanghai was transformed and developed by the Communist Party between 1949 and the later 1970s. It throws light on the paradox that a city that for years was the object of hostility and distrust has become in the Post-Mao era the spearhead of China??'s new programme for economic and technological modernization. The book is divided into sections dealing with political, economic and cultural change, and with the special characteristics of Shanghai??'s rural suburbia.

Shanghai is Asia??'s largest city and for over a hundred years has played a critical role both in China??'s internal political arid economic affairs, and in the history of international relations in the Far East. Before 1949, Shanghai was the principal point of western and, later, Japanese penetrations of China. Under foreign control the city saw the beginnings of modern economic growth, of new forms of westernized education and culture, and of fierce social and political conflicts. This book is a comprehensive study of the way in which old Shanghai was transformed and developed by the Communist Party between 1949 and the later 1970s. It throws light on the paradox that a city that for years was the object of hostility and distrust has become in the Post-Mao era the spearhead of China??'s new programme for economic and technological modernization. The book is divided into sections dealing with political, economic and cultural change, and with the special characteristics of Shanghai??'s rural suburbia.

Examines the policies of labour reform in China, with particular reference to occupational inheritance, flexible labour efficiency wage and enterprise behaviour.

This 1973 volume is a fascinating collection of original studies on the immediate consequences and the likely long-term effects of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, the enormous social and political upheaval initiated by Mao Tse-Tung in 1966. The authors discuss a series of connected problems, all intimately related to the central theme of leadership and participation in the Chinese pattern of economic development and social change. The collection is edited by Stuart Schram, who also provides a long introduction; he puts the Cultural Revolution in the broad historical perspective of the Chinese revolution as it has taken shape since the end of the nineteenth century.

Updated to reflect advances in the field, this introduction provides a broad, but concise, coverage of recombinant DNA techniques. Written for advanced undergraduates, graduates and scientists who want to use this technology, emphasis is placed on the concepts underlying particular types of cloning vectors to aid understanding and to enable readers to devise suitable strategies for novel experimental situations. An introduction to the basic biochemical principles is presented first. Then PCR and cloning using E. coli hosts and plasmid, phage and hybrid vectors are described, followed by the generation and screening of libraries and how to modify, inactivate or express cloned sequences. Finally genetic manipulation in a range of other organisms is discussed, including other bacteria, fungi, algae and plants, insects and mammals. A series of 'real-life' biological problems are also presented to enable readers to assess their understanding of the material and to prepare for exams.

This book is a remarkable attempt to understand and summarize the current and historical Sino-Japanese relationship: two countries bound by ties of history, culture, geography, and economic complementarity. Through this investigation, the contributors are also able to broaden our understanding of contemporary changes in international relations, and to consider the implications of changes in the Sino-Japanese relationship for the wider world. All contributors are well-known experts in their fields. This volume deals with the history of contact, the economic imperatives driving the links, the diplomatic and political manoeuvrings in which both countries indulge, and the antipathies that mean the Sino-Japanese `special relationship' is far from trouble-free. This book should become an invaluable reference work for academics and students.