Since the early 1980s, Korea's financial development has been a tale of liberalization and opening. After the 1997 financial crisis, great strides were made in building a market-oriented financial system through sweeping reforms for deregulation and the opening of financial markets. However, the new system failed to steer the country away from a credit card boom and bust in 2003, a liquidity crisis in 2008, and a run on its savings banks in 2011, and has been severely tested again by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Financial liberalization, clearly, has been no panacea. This study analyzes the deepening of and structural changes in Korea's financial system since the early 1980s and presents the empirical results of the effects of financial development on economic growth, stability, and the distribution of income. It finds that, contrary to conventional wisdom, financial liberalization has contributed little to fostering the growth and stability of the Korean economy and has exacerbated income distribution problems. Are there any merits in financial liberalization? The authors answer this query through empirical examinations of the theories of finance and growth. They point to a clear need to further improve the efficiency, soundness, and stability of Korean financial institutions and markets.

Korea was the first non-G7 member and Asian country to host the recent G20 Summit, acting as a bridge between advanced and developing nations. At the G20 Seoul Summit, green growth as well as development and a global financial safety net were on the agenda. Against this backdrop, the aim of this book is to comment on and suggest how to go about setting agendas and shaping further discussions of future summits. The book consists of three major parts: the first part discusses the role of G20 in reforming international monetary system, the status of the IMF since the European sovereign debt crisis, the use of the yuan as the world's reserve currency, and the establishment of a more resilient global financial system. The second part examines trade measures in times of volatile energy prices, the impact of merchandise price volatility on the G20 economies, the EU's pricing policies and the world's price volatility, high oil prices and Russia, and oil markets in South America. The third part reviews G20's financing for green growth, green growth and sustainable development within the G20 framework, and G20's role in addressing climate change and green growth. This book offers an in-depth review of major issues discussed at the recent summits and will be of interest to policy makers.

This book covers nine countries of ASEAN and the East Asian area, including major Asian countries, and compares their respective policies to attract Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). Through comparative study of FDI promotion policies, this book will give policy makers in the area of FDI promotion an overview and comparison of the FDI policies of other countries. In addition, researchers at graduate, post-graduate or professional level will gain from the econometric methodology and detailed definitions of various spillover effects (horizontal and vertical), which will be beneficial to their research. In addition to FDI policy comparison, this book focuses on the various spillover effects of FDI. It separates it into categories: own productivity effects; intra-industry spillover effects; and inter-industry spillover effects (forward and backward linkage effects). While most other studies have only taken econometric tests on own-productivity and intra-industry spillovers, a key advantage to this book is that it also covers the separate effects of inter-industry linkages. Through policy comparison and econometric tests on various spillover effects on economic growth, employment and exports, this book will give policy makers and researchers an innovative and constructive guide to FDI.

This book compares the immigration policies of EU states and Asian countries-Germany, Poland, Estonia, Taiwan, China, South Korea, Japan, Vietnam,- and Thailand-analyses the policy strengths and weaknesses of various political actors in the regions and explores what can be learned from the experiences of different states. In the recent decades, immigration policy has become a hot topic due to globalization. EU has faced challenges in immigration since the refugee crisis in 2015 when over a million migrants and refugees crossed into Europe. In Asia, immigration issue has become more complicated as the economic ties among Asian countries have grown significantly in recent years. With contributions by professors, experts and scholars from various countries across Europe and Asia, the book provides both in-depth analyses and broad perspectives on the topic, making it a valuable read for academics and policymakers alike.

The future emergence of a European monetary zone is set to transform the configuration of the international monetary system and the roles of the dollar, the Euro and the yen within this system. This book addresses this issue with discussion of:
* exchange rate policies pursued in the principal Asian countries
* the measurement of equilibrium exchange rates for these countries
* the maintenance of the dollar peg by Asian currencies
* the absence of a trend to monetary regionalism based on the yen
* the outlook of regional monetary co-operation
* the outlook of regional monetary co-operation
Case studies pay particular attention to Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand.

This book compares the immigration policies of EU states and Asian countries-Germany, Poland, Estonia, Taiwan, China, South Korea, Japan, Vietnam,- and Thailand-analyses the policy strengths and weaknesses of various political actors in the regions and explores what can be learned from the experiences of different states. In the recent decades, immigration policy has become a hot topic due to globalization. EU has faced challenges in immigration since the refugee crisis in 2015 when over a million migrants and refugees crossed into Europe. In Asia, immigration issue has become more complicated as the economic ties among Asian countries have grown significantly in recent years. With contributions by professors, experts and scholars from various countries across Europe and Asia, the book provides both in-depth analyses and broad perspectives on the topic, making it a valuable read for academics and policymakers alike.

This book reviews the research in various fields of oceanography on the responses of the East Japan Sea to climate change. The uniqueness of the East Japan Sea comes from the rapid and amplified response to climate change, which includes long-terms trends of physical and chemical parameters at a rate that almost doubles or even higher the global rate. This book aims to provide in an organized way the results from the previously published knowledge but also to introduce an updated view of the research recently carried out. The book is divided into several parts that comprise the physical, chemical, biological, and geological aspects of the region and fisheries. This book is made for researchers and students working on climate variability as well as for the oceanography community working on world's marginal seas. The research presented in this work will also benefit to researchers from other fields such as social scientists and environmentalists, and also policy makers.

This book contends that the East Asian financial constitution lacks an appropriate infrastructure, resulting in inefficient allocation of high savings and an over-inflated short-term debt market. It goes on to point out that despite high savings, East Asia's dependency on financial centers outside the region is also relatively high, and that there is no strong region-wide network to connect various financial centers in East Asia. Against this economic background, the contributors make recommendations for the establishment of effective and stable capital recycling in East Asia. The financial intermediary function of the regional financial centers - Hong Kong, Singapore and Tokyo - is evaluated. Discussion focusses on the issues of building an organic network between the financial markets of major economies in the region and enhancing the future role and function of those regional financial centres. The policy implications of the future development of regional financial markets - based on regional financial networks - that could potentially act as intermediaries between the high savings and productive sectors in East Asia are also examined. Concentrating on the major issues identified as central to building a new financial market structure in East Asia, this book will be appeal to those with a special interest in Asian studies and financial economics.

Korea was the first non-G7 member and Asian country to host the recent G20 Summit, acting as a bridge between advanced and developing nations. At the G20 Seoul Summit, green growth as well as development and a global financial safety net were on the agenda. Against this backdrop, the aim of this book is to comment on and suggest how to go about setting agendas and shaping further discussions of future summits. The book consists of three major parts: the first part discusses the role of G20 in reforming international monetary system, the status of the IMF since the European sovereign debt crisis, the use of the yuan as the world's reserve currency, and the establishment of a more resilient global financial system. The second part examines trade measures in times of volatile energy prices, the impact of merchandise price volatility on the G20 economies, the EU's pricing policies and the world's price volatility, high oil prices and Russia, and oil markets in South America. The third part reviews G20's financing for green growth, green growth and sustainable development within the G20 framework, and G20's role in addressing climate change and green growth. This book offers an in-depth review of major issues discussed at the recent summits and will be of interest to policy makers.

This book covers nine countries of ASEAN and the East Asian area, including major Asian countries, and compares their respective policies to attract Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). Through comparative study of FDI promotion policies, this book will give policy makers in the area of FDI promotion an overview and comparison of the FDI policies of other countries. In addition, researchers at graduate, post-graduate or professional level will gain from the econometric methodology and detailed definitions of various spillover effects (horizontal and vertical), which will be beneficial to their research. In addition to FDI policy comparison, this book focuses on the various spillover effects of FDI. It separates it into categories: own productivity effects; intra-industry spillover effects; and inter-industry spillover effects (forward and backward linkage effects). While most other studies have only taken econometric tests on own-productivity and intra-industry spillovers, a key advantage to this book is that it also covers the separate effects of inter-industry linkages. Through policy comparison and econometric tests on various spillover effects on economic growth, employment and exports, this book will give policy makers and researchers an innovative and constructive guide to FDI.

This volume connects the evolving modern financial systems of China, Japan, and Korea to the development and growth of their economies through the first decade of the twenty-first century. It also identifies the commonalities among all three systems while accounting for their social, political, and institutional differences. Essays consider the reforms of the Chinese economy since 1978, the underwhelming performance of the Japanese economy since about 1990, and the growth of the Korean economy over the past three decades. These economies engaged in rapid catch-up growth processes and share similar economic structures. Yet while domestic forces have driven each country's financial trajectory, international short-term financial flows have presented opportunities and challenges for them all. The nature and role of the financial system in generating real economic growth, though nuanced and complex, is integral to these countries. The result is a fascinating spectrum of experiences with powerful takeaways.

Since the 2008 global financial crisis, the debate on the reform of the international monetary system (IMS) has gained new momentum. It questioned the desirability of the current system's excessive reliance on the US dollar despite the fact that the US financial system has proven to be less than perfect, and US monetary policy stance has not been in tune with the business cycle of the rest of the world. However, attempts to reform the IMF or strengthen regional safety nets have not produced material results. With the challenges in the euro area persisting, the dollar is very likely to stay as the main reserve currency for the foreseeable future.Against this background, this book prescribes concrete steps on how to shape an alternative monetary system that will be a win-win solution to all without having to strike an international agreement on a new global governance structure. It proposes to use the RMB - already in motion to become an international currency - to become the third pillar without the need for China to open its capital account prematurely.For policy makers, this book will help them rethink how they can approach the problems facing the IMS. For the general readers, it will offer them a comprehensive view on what the international monetary system is about, what the problems are, and how these problems can be addressed. In particular, it will equip them with a better sense of what currencies they will need to carry when traveling around the world, or in what currencies they should hold their wealth in the coming decades.

South Korea has been held out as an economic miracle as a country that successfully completed the transition from underdeveloped to developed country status and as an example of how a middle-income country can continue to move up the technology ladder into the production and export of more sophisticated goods and services. But with these successes have come challenges, among them poverty, inequality, long work hours, financial instability, and complaints about the economic and political power of the country s large corporate conglomerates, or chaebol."

The Korean Economy" provides an overview of Korean economic experience since the 1950s, with a focus on the period since democratization in 1987. Successive chapters analyze the Korean experience from the perspectives of political economy, the growth record, industrial organization and corporate governance, financial development and instability, labor and employment, inequality and social policy, and Korea s place in the world economy. A concluding chapter describes the country s economic challenges going forward and how they can best be met. The volume also serves to summarize the findings of companion volumes in the Harvard-Korean Development Institute series on the Korean economy, also published by the Harvard University Asia Center."

Local governance has become a subject of particular interest, even in the context of globalization. As a bottom-up strategy, it aims is to increase the opportunities for civil society to engage in affairs of their own. As a top-down strategy, it wants to mobilize all endogenous potential available to improve political steering capacity. This book examines the theoretical approaches towards citizens' participation and provides case studies that indicate a varied menu of contemporary local democracies, urban and regional governance in Europe (Germany, Sweden, and Italy), Asia (Korea and Taiwan) and the US. (Series: Politikwissenschaft - Vol. 172)

Knowledge management (KM) is on its way to becoming an integral business function and a new aspect of management for many organizations. Although it can be argued that public sector organizations increasingly face similar pressures as the pressures on the private sector, public sector organizations, partly because of their public ownership and limited competition, may not pursue KM as strongly and effectively as private sector organizations. It seems, therefore, reasonable to expect that there will be differences in understanding, best practice, and performance indicators between the two sectors and how they impact drivers for KM activity. This study tests empirically the basic KM arguments that KM in public organizations differs from that carried out in private organization. In the literature review, the key dimensions of KM are described (chapter 2). In Chapter 3, research model and the hypotheses were developed. Chapter 4 covers the analysis and the findings from the survey. Chapter 5 summarizes findings and connects them to the purpose of the study, and makes recommendations for further developments of KM in pubic organization with some conclusions. This book makes a contribution toward the knowledge and competences needed by researchers and practitioners in KM field.

This ninth title in the series Studies in the Modernization of the Republic of Korea offers new insights into the role of finance in a rapidly developing country. Combining history and theory, it provides a rigorous test of previous theoretical propositions. The study illustrates the complexity of the Korean financial system and the danger of easy generalization from partial evidence. The two major components of the financial system are brought into focus-one regulated and statistically recorded, the other unregulated, unrecorded. The burden of financial intermediation shifts from one to the other largely in response to government policy measures. By looking only at the regulated sector, previous studies have often misperceived the role of the financial system and the effects of government policies. The financial scandal in Seoul in May 1982 vividly demonstrated that the unregulated part of the system is still important and that overregulation of the "modern" part generates strong pressures for perpetuating the illegal, unregulated, "traditional" financial institutions.

Dieses Buch vergleicht die Einwanderungspolitik der EU-Staaten und der asiatischen Länder - Deutschland, Polen, Estland, Taiwan, China, Südkorea, Japan, Vietnam und Thailand -, analysiert die Stärken und Schwächen der verschiedenen politischen Akteure in den Regionen und untersucht, was aus den Erfahrungen der verschiedenen Staaten gelernt werden kann.   In den letzten Jahrzehnten ist die Einwanderungspolitik aufgrund der Globalisierung zu einem heißen Thema geworden. Seit der Flüchtlingskrise im Jahr 2015, als mehr als eine Million Migranten und Flüchtlinge nach Europa kamen, steht die EU vor Herausforderungen im Bereich der Einwanderung. In Asien ist die Einwanderungsproblematik noch komplizierter geworden, da die wirtschaftlichen Beziehungen zwischen den asiatischen Ländern in den letzten Jahren erheblich zugenommen haben. Mit Beiträgen von Professoren, Experten und Wissenschaftlern aus verschiedenen Ländern Europas und Asiens bietet das Buch sowohl eingehende Analysen als auch breite Perspektiven zu diesem Thema und ist damit eine wertvolle Lektüre für Wissenschaftler und politische Entscheidungsträger gleichermaßen.

This book aims to identify and analyze the impact of the 2007-09 global financial crisis on Asian economies and to assess the short-term and longer-term policy responses to the crisis in terms of their effectiveness and sustainability. It draws lessons on how best to avoid and/or mitigate future crises and to identify structural policy recommendations that can help guide Asian policymakers to expand the growth potential of domestic and regional demand in coming years, and thereby create a basis for sustainable and inclusive long-term growth. Organized into four parts, it offers an accessible explanation of the causes, consequences, and contagion mechanisms of the crisis. Part 1 provides an overview of the major issues and presents policy recommendations. Part 2 reviews the crisis in the US and its transmission to Europe. Part 3 focuses on the impact on Asia. And Part 4 concludes lessons of the crisis for Asian countries. The volume highlights that Asian economies have already recovered strongly from the global financial crisis, reflecting their aggressive moves to ease monetary and fiscal policy as well as the underlying fundamental strength of their economies. However, the biggest challenge lies ahead. It asserts that, given that it is unlikely that the US and Europe will be engines of global growth, Asian economies should contribute to global economic adjustment by creating their own growth engines.

This book looks at East Asia's monetary and financial integration from both Asian and European perspectives. It analyzes the Euro area's framework for monetary policy implementation, introduced in 1999. It reviews the efforts to foster regional monetary and financial integration and relates them to Europe's own evolution. It highlights successes and failures in both cases and offers a careful assessment of the state of play. A central theme of the volume is that the East Asian reliance on markets is not enough to promote the kind of deep integration that Europe has achieved and that provides protection against exchange rate turbulence. The implications of the recent global crisis are also examined.
Written by two of the foremost monetary experts on Asia and Europe, this book will be an invaluable aid to students and academics interested in the relevance of the European experience to the debates about monetary integration in East Asia.

The rise of Asia, and China specifically, is the single most important force reshaping the world economy at the beginning of the 21st century. From a low of 20 per cent in 1950, Asia's share of global GDP has now risen to 33 per cent and will exceed 40 per cent within a generation if current forecasts are realized. Asia's growing weight in the world economy is elevating it to a central position in global economic and financial affairs. The potential global impact of this astonishing growth is far reaching, from oil markets and the environment to a reshaping of trade relations in the current multilateral system dominated by the WTO.
This collection of original essays written by leading economists explores the likely impact of the rapid growth in the East Asian economies, and in particular China, on the world economy in the coming decades and the consequent challenges for the development of trade, macroeconomic, and environmental policy.

This path-breaking comparative study of the economies of Japan, Korea, and Taiwan analyzes the evolution of the financial systems of each country in relation to their last four decades of dynamic economic growth. Each country study is addressed in two chapters, the first covering macroeconomic aspects of the financial system and the second chapter focusing on commercial banking. The analysis shows how financial development has occurred in two distinct phases. Initially interest rates were regulated to remain below market levels, entry of new financial institutions was restricted, financial markets were segmented, and domestic finance was insulated from world financial markets. The second phase has seen a steady, if sometimes slow, removal of these restrictions. This liberalization has meant regulation now focuses on prudential measures for system safety while financial resources are increasingly allocated through the marketplace. The evaluation of the financial development of Japan, Korea and Taiwan provides significant insights for economists and policymakers. In particular, there are many lessons for less developed markets and transforming socialist economics.

Several years before the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis, most East Asian economies with the exception of China had engaged in the liberal reform prescriptions of the Washington Consensus. The Asian financial crisis added impetus to the transformation process as the crisis countries accepted the Washington Consensus as part of their commitment to the IMF policy conditionality.
In this book the author argues for the continuing validity of an 'East Asian' model of economic development that differs distinctly from the Washington Consensus. He argues that, while this model was undermined to some extent by the 1997-98 financial crisis, it remains robust and important in explaining economic events in East Asia. In doing so, he covers the accomplishments and failures of the East Asian development model and the reform agenda for a new East Asian paradigm for post-crisis development.