Assessments, understood as tools for tracking what and how well students have learned, play a critical role in the classroom. Developing Assessments for the Next Generation Science Standards develops an approach to science assessment to meet the vision of science education for the future as it has been elaborated in A Framework for K-12 Science Education (Framework) and Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). These documents are brand new and the changes they call for are barely under way, but the new assessments will be needed as soon as states and districts begin the process of implementing the NGSS and changing their approach to science education. The new Framework and the NGSS are designed to guide educators in significantly altering the way K-12 science is taught. The Framework is aimed at making science education more closely resemble the way scientists actually work and think, and making instruction reflect research on learning that demonstrates the importance of building coherent understandings over time. It structures science education around three dimensions - the practices through which scientists and engineers do their work, the key crosscutting concepts that cut across disciplines, and the core ideas of the disciplines - and argues that they should be interwoven in every aspect of science education, building in sophistication as students progress through grades K-12. Developing Assessments for the Next Generation Science Standards recommends strategies for developing assessments that yield valid measures of student proficiency in science as described in the new Framework. This report reviews recent and current work in science assessment to determine which aspects of the Framework's vision can be assessed with available techniques and what additional research and development will be needed to support an assessment system that fully meets that vision. The report offers a systems approach to science assessment, in which a range of assessment strategies are designed to answer different kinds of questions with appropriate degrees of specificity and provide results that complement one another. Developing Assessments for the Next Generation Science Standards makes the case that a science assessment system that meets the Framework's vision should consist of assessments designed to support classroom instruction, assessments designed to monitor science learning on a broader scale, and indicators designed to track opportunity to learn. New standards for science education make clear that new modes of assessment designed to measure the integrated learning they promote are essential. The recommendations of this report will be key to making sure that the dramatic changes in curriculum and instruction signaled by Framework and the NGSS reduce inequities in science education and raise the level of science education for all students.

Disability in America presents a five-prong strategy for reducing the incidence and prevalence of disability as well as its personal, social, and economic consequences. Although the preferred goal is to avoid potentially disabling conditions, the authoring committee focuses on the need to prevent or reverse the progression that leads to disability and reduced quality of life in persons with potentially disabling conditions.
Calling for a coherent national program to focus on prevention, the committee sets forth specific recommendations for federal agencies, state and local programs, and the private sector. This comprehensive agenda addresses the need for improved methods for collecting disability data, specific research questions, directions for university training, reform in insurance coverage, prenatal care, vocational training, and a host of other arenas for action.

The decade ahead will test the nation's nearly 4 million nurses in new and complex ways. Nurses live and work at the intersection of health, education, and communities. Nurses work in a wide array of settings and practice at a range of professional levels. They are often the first and most frequent line of contact with people of all backgrounds and experiences seeking care and they represent the largest of the health care professions. A nation cannot fully thrive until everyone - no matter who they are, where they live, or how much money they make - can live their healthiest possible life, and helping people live their healthiest life is and has always been the essential role of nurses. Nurses have a critical role to play in achieving the goal of health equity, but they need robust education, supportive work environments, and autonomy. Accordingly, at the request of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, on behalf of the National Academy of Medicine, an ad hoc committee under the auspices of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine conducted a study aimed at envisioning and charting a path forward for the nursing profession to help reduce inequities in people's ability to achieve their full health potential. The ultimate goal is the achievement of health equity in the United States built on strengthened nursing capacity and expertise. By leveraging these attributes, nursing will help to create and contribute comprehensively to equitable public health and health care systems that are designed to work for everyone. The Future of Nursing 2020-2030: Charting a Path to Achieve Health Equity explores how nurses can work to reduce health disparities and promote equity, while keeping costs at bay, utilizing technology, and maintaining patient and family-focused care into 2030. This work builds on the foundation set out by The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health (2011) report. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Social Determinants of Health and Health Equity 3 The Nursing Workforce 4 The Role of Nurses in Improving Health Care Access and Quality 5 The Role of Nurses in Improving Health Equity 6 Paying for Equity in Health and Health Care 7 Educating Nurses for the Future 8 Nurses in Disaster Preparedness and Public Health Emergency Response 9 Nurses Leading Change 10 Supporting the Health and Professional Well-Being of Nurses 11 The Future of Nursing: Recommendations and Research Priorities Appendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Project Staff Appendix B: Data Collection and Information Sources Appendix C: Data Sources, Definitions, and Methods Appendix D: Glossary Appendix E: The Future of Nursing 20202030: Meeting America Where We Are: Supplemental Statement of William M. Sage, M.D., J.D. Appendix F: Committee Response to Supplemental Statement Appendix G: Profiles of Nursing Programs and Organizations

Safe Passage: Astronaut Care for Exploration Missions sets forth a vision for space medicine as it applies to deep space voyage. As space missions increase in duration from months to years and extend well beyond Eartha (TM)s orbit, so will the attendant risks of working in these extreme and isolated environmental conditions. Hazards to astronaut health range from greater radiation exposure and loss of bone and muscle density to intensified psychological stress from living with others in a confined space. Going beyond the body of biomedical research, the report examines existing space medicine clinical and behavioral research and health care data and the policies attendant to them. It describes why not enough is known today about the dangers of prolonged travel to enable humans to venture into deep space in a safe and sane manner. The report makes a number of recommendations concerning NASAa (TM)s structure for clinical and behavioral research, on the need for a comprehensive astronaut health care system and on an approach to communicating health and safety risks to astronauts, their families, and the public.

When is it appropriate to return individual research results to participants? The immense interest in this question has been fostered by the growing movement toward greater transparency and participant engagement in the research enterprise. Yet, the risks of returning individual research results?such as results with unknown validity?and the associated burdens on the research enterprise are competing considerations. Returning Individual Research Results to Participants reviews the current evidence on the benefits, harms, and costs of returning individual research results, while also considering the ethical, social, operational, and regulatory aspects of the practice. This report includes 12 recommendations directed to various stakeholders?investigators, sponsors, research institutions, institutional review boards (IRBs), regulators, and participants?and are designed to help (1) support decision making regarding the return of results on a study-by-study basis, (2) promote high-quality individual research results, (3) foster participant understanding of individual research results, and (4) revise and harmonize current regulations. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Principles for the Return of Individual Research Results: Ethical and Societal Considerations 3 Laboratory Quality Systems for Research Testing of Human Biospecimens 4 Processes to Enable Appropriate Decision Making Regarding the Return of Individual Research Results 5 Advancing Practices for Returning Individual Research Results 6 Reshaping the Legal and Regulatory Landscape to Support Return of Individual Research Results Appendix A: Study Approach and Methods Appendix B: Public Agendas Appendix C: Analysis of Legal and Regulatory Landscape Relevant to Return of Individual Results Generated from Biospecimens in Research Appendix D: The Return of Individual-Specific Research Results from Laboratories: Perspectives and Ethical Underpinnings Appendix E: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members, Consultants, and Staff

Nearly one out of every three adults in America is obese and tens of millions of people in the United States are dieting at any one time. This has resulted in a weight-loss industry worth billions of dollars a year and growing. What are the long-term results of weight-loss programs? How can people sort through the many programs available and select one that is right for them? Weighing the Options strives to answer these questions. Despite widespread public concern about weight, few studies have examined the long-term results of weight-loss programs. One reason that evaluating obesity management is difficult is that no other treatment depends so much on an individual's own initiative and state of mind. Now, a distinguished group of experts assembled by the Institute of Medicine addresses this compelling issue. Weighing the Options presents criteria for evaluating treatment programs for obesity and explores what these criteria mean?to health care providers, program designers, researchers, and even overweight people seeking help. In presenting its criteria the authors offer a wealth of information about weight loss: how obesity is on the rise, what types of weight-loss programs are available, how to define obesity, how well we maintain weight loss, and what approaches and practices appear to be most successful. Information about weight-loss programs?their clients, staff qualifications, services, and success rates?necessary to make wise program choices is discussed in detail. The book examines how client demographics and characteristics?including health status, knowledge of weight-loss issues, and attitude toward weight and body image?affect which programs clients choose, how successful they are likely to be with their choices, and what this means for outcome measurement. Short- and long-term safety consequences of weight loss are discussed as well as clinical assessment of individual patients. The authors document the health risks of being overweight, summarizing data indicating that even a small weight loss reduces the risk of disease and depression and increases self-esteem. At the same time, weight loss has been associated with some poor outcomes, and the book discusses the implications for program evaluation. Prevention can be even more important than treatment. In Weighing the Options, programs for population groups, efforts targeted to specific groups at high risk for obesity, and prevention of further weight gain in obese individuals get special attention. This book provides detailed guidance on how the weight-loss industry can improve its programs to help people be more successful at long-term weight loss. And it provides consumers with tips on selecting a program that will improve their chances of permanently losing excess weight. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction and Background 2 The Nature and Problem of Obesity 3 Programs for and Approaches to Treating Obesity 4 Weighing the Options 5 Criterion 1: The Match Between Program and Consumer 6 Criterion 2: The Soundness and Safety of the Program 7 Criterion 3: Outcomes of the Program 8 Weighing the Options: Application of Committee's Criteria 9 Prevention of Obesity 10 Research and Policy Recommendations Appendix A: Assessment Instruments of Relevance to Obesity Treatment Appendix B: The Diet Readiness Test and the General Well-Being Schedule Appendix C: Pediatric Obesity Appendix D: Accrediting Providers of Weight-Management Services Appendix E: Biographies of Committee Members Bibliography Index

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) faces short-term and long-term challenges in selecting and recruiting an enlisted force to meet personnel requirements associated with diverse and changing missions. The DoD has established standards for aptitudes/abilities, medical conditions, and physical fitness to be used in selecting recruits who are most likely to succeed in their jobs and complete the first term of service (generally 36 months). In 1999, the Committee on the Youth Population and Military Recruitment was established by the National Research Council (NRC) in response to a request from the DoD. One focus of the committee's work was to examine trends in the youth population relative to the needs of the military and the standards used to screen applicants to meet these needs. When the committee began its work in 1999, the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force had recently experienced recruiting shortfalls. By the early 2000s, all the Services were meeting their goals; however, in the first half of calendar year 2005, both the Army and the Marine Corps experienced recruiting difficulties and, in some months, shortfalls. When recruiting goals are not being met, scientific guidance is needed to inform policy decisions regarding the advisability of lowering standards and the impact of any change on training time and cost, job performance, attrition, and the health of the force. Assessing Fitness for Military Enlistment examines the current physical, medical, and mental health standards for military enlistment in light of (1) trends in the physical condition of the youth population; (2) medical advances for treating certain conditions, as well as knowledge of the typical course of chronic conditions as young people reach adulthood; (3) the role of basic training in physical conditioning; (4) the physical demands and working conditions of various jobs in today's military services; and (5) the measures that are used by the Services to characterize an individual's physical condition. The focus is on the enlistment of 18- to 24-year-olds and their first term of service. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Procedures, Requirements, and Standards 3 Framework for Evaluation Medical and Physical Standards 4 Physical Fitness and Musculoskeletal Injury 5 Medical Factors 6 Mental Health 7 Substance Abuse and Cigarette Use 8 Summary Conclusions and Recommendations References Appendix A Medical Standards for Appointment, Enlistment, or Induction in the Armed Forces Appendix B Analysis of Waivers for Disqualifying Conditions Appendix C Sponsors and Contributors Appendix D Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff Index

Review of NASA's Evidence Reports on Human Health Risks 2015 Letter Report is the third in a series of five reports from the Institute of Medicine that will independently review more than 30 evidence reports that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has compiled on human health risks for long-duration and exploration space flights. This report builds on the 2008 IOM report Review of NASA's Human Research Program Evidence Books: A Letter Report, which provided an initial and brief review of the evidence reports. This letter report reviews seven evidence reports and examines the quality of the evidence, analysis, and overall construction of each report; identifies existing gaps in report content; and provides suggestions for additional sources of expert input. The report analyzes each evidence report's overall quality, which included readability; internal consistency; the source and breadth of cited evidence; identification of existing knowledge and research gaps; authorship expertise; and, if applicable, response to recommendations from the 2008 IOM letter report. Table of Contents Front Matter 2015 Letter Report References Appendix A: Meeting Agendas Appendix B: Committee Biographical Sketches

Die ICPC ist als Leistung einer multinationalen Arbeitsgruppe der WONCA in englischer Sprache entstanden. Dieses System der Klassifizierung hilft, Gesundheitsprobleme aus Sicht der allgemein rztlichen Betreuer und ihrer Patienten zu kodieren.Die ICPC wurde 1987 erstmals von der WONCA ver ffentlicht. Sie erm glicht die Kodierung von Konsultationsanl ssen, Diagnosen oder Gesundheitsproblemen sowie medizinischen Ma nahmen und erlaubt daher eine Kategorisierung aller Elemente von der ersten Konsultation bis zum Abschluss eines Behandlungsfalles. Im Gegensatz zur ICD beruht die Kapiteleinteilung der ICPC auf Organsystemen. Die Lokalisation hat also Vorrang vor der tiologie, wodurch die eindeutige Kodierung von Gesundheitsproblemen erleichtert wird. Die ICPC-2 ist aber sorgf ltig auf die ICD-10 abgestimmt und enth lt Umwandlungstabellen, die eine reibungslose Zusammenarbeit der beiden Systeme erm glichen. Die ICPC-2 ist bereits in mehr als 20 Sprachen bersetzt und bietet nun auch f r den deutschen Sprachraum die M glichkeit einer ad quaten Kodierung der allgemeinmedizinischen T tigkeit.

Getting the right diagnosis is a key aspect of health care - it provides an explanation of a patient's health problem and informs subsequent health care decisions. The diagnostic process is a complex, collaborative activity that involves clinical reasoning and information gathering to determine a patient's health problem. According to Improving Diagnosis in Health Care, diagnostic errors-inaccurate or delayed diagnoses-persist throughout all settings of care and continue to harm an unacceptable number of patients. It is likely that most people will experience at least one diagnostic error in their lifetime, sometimes with devastating consequences. Diagnostic errors may cause harm to patients by preventing or delaying appropriate treatment, providing unnecessary or harmful treatment, or resulting in psychological or financial repercussions. The committee concluded that improving the diagnostic process is not only possible, but also represents a moral, professional, and public health imperative. Improving Diagnosis in Health Care, a continuation of the landmark Institute of Medicine reports To Err Is Human (2000) and Crossing the Quality Chasm (2001), finds that diagnosis-and, in particular, the occurrence of diagnostic errors?has been largely unappreciated in efforts to improve the quality and safety of health care. Without a dedicated focus on improving diagnosis, diagnostic errors will likely worsen as the delivery of health care and the diagnostic process continue to increase in complexity. Just as the diagnostic process is a collaborative activity, improving diagnosis will require collaboration and a widespread commitment to change among health care professionals, health care organizations, patients and their families, researchers, and policy makers. The recommendations of Improving Diagnosis in Health Care contribute to the growing momentum for change in this crucial area of health care quality and safety. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 The Diagnostic Process 3 Overview of Diagnostic Error in Health Care 4 Diagnostic Team Members and Tasks: Improving Patient Engagement and Health Care Professional Education and Training in Diagnosis 5 Technology and Tools in the Diagnostic Process 6 Organizational Characteristics, the Physical Environment, and the Diagnostic Process: Improving Learning, Culture, and the Work System 7 The External Environment Influencing Diagnosis: Reporting, Medical Liability, and Payment 8 A Research Agenda for the Diagnostic Process and Diagnostic Error 9 The Path to Improve Diagnosis and Reduce Diagnostic Error Appendix A: Glossary Appendix B: Committee Member and Staff Biographies Appendix C: Previous Diagnostic Error Frameworks Appendix D: Examples of Diagnostic Error

Thanks to remarkable advances in modern health care attributable to science, engineering, and medicine, it is now possible to cure or manage illnesses that were long deemed untreatable. At the same time, however, the United States is facing the vexing challenge of a seemingly uncontrolled rise in the cost of health care. Total medical expenditures are rapidly approaching 20 percent of the gross domestic product and are crowding out other priorities of national importance. The use of increasingly expensive prescription drugs is a significant part of this problem, making the cost of biopharmaceuticals a serious national concern with broad political implications. Especially with the highly visible and very large price increases for prescription drugs that have occurred in recent years, finding a way to make prescription medicines?and health care at large?more affordable for everyone has become a socioeconomic imperative. Affordability is a complex function of factors, including not just the prices of the drugs themselves, but also the details of an individual's insurance coverage and the number of medical conditions that an individual or family confronts. Therefore, any solution to the affordability issue will require considering all of these factors together. The current high and increasing costs of prescription drugs?coupled with the broader trends in overall health care costs?is unsustainable to society as a whole. Making Medicines Affordable examines patient access to affordable and effective therapies, with emphasis on drug pricing, inflation in the cost of drugs, and insurance design. This report explores structural and policy factors influencing drug pricing, drug access programs, the emerging role of comparative effectiveness assessments in payment policies, changing finances of medical practice with regard to drug costs and reimbursement, and measures to prevent drug shortages and foster continued innovation in drug development. It makes recommendations for policy actions that could address drug price trends, improve patient access to affordable and effective treatments, and encourage innovations that address significant needs in health care. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 The Affordability Conundrum 2 Complexity in Action 3 Factors Influencing Affordability 4 Strategies to Improve Affordability and Availability References Appendix A: A Dissenting View - Michael Rosenblatt and Henri Termeer Appendix B: A Minority Perspective - Rena Conti, Stacie Dusetzina, Martha Gaines,Rebekah Gee, Victoria Hale, Peter Sands, and Alan Weil Appendix C: Glossary Appendix D: Stakeholder Input Appendix E: Biographical Information Appendix F: Disclosure of Conflicts of Interest

The ability to see deeply affects how human beings perceive and interpret the world around them. For most people, eyesight is part of everyday communication, social activities, educational and professional pursuits, the care of others, and the maintenance of personal health, independence, and mobility. Functioning eyes and vision system can reduce an adult's risk of chronic health conditions, death, falls and injuries, social isolation, depression, and other psychological problems. In children, properly maintained eye and vision health contributes to a child's social development, academic achievement, and better health across the lifespan. The public generally recognizes its reliance on sight and fears its loss, but emphasis on eye and vision health, in general, has not been integrated into daily life to the same extent as other health promotion activities, such as teeth brushing; hand washing; physical and mental exercise; and various injury prevention behaviors. A larger population health approach is needed to engage a wide range of stakeholders in coordinated efforts that can sustain the scope of behavior change. The shaping of socioeconomic environments can eventually lead to new social norms that promote eye and vision health. Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow proposes a new population-centered framework to guide action and coordination among various, and sometimes competing, stakeholders in pursuit of improved eye and vision health and health equity in the United States. Building on the momentum of previous public health efforts, this report also introduces a model for action that highlights different levels of prevention activities across a range of stakeholders and provides specific examples of how population health strategies can be translated into cohesive areas for action at federal, state, and local levels. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States 3 The Impact of Vision Loss 4 Surveillance and Research 5 The Role of Public Health and Partnerships to Promote Eye and Vision Health in Communities 6 Access to Clinical Vision Services: Workforce and Coverage 7 Toward a High-Quality Clinical Eye and Vision Service Delivery System 8 Meeting the Challenge of Vision Loss in the United States: Improving Diagnosis, Rehabilitation, and Accessibility 9 Eye and Vision Health: Recommendations and a Path to Action Appendix A: Committee Biographies Appendix B: Committee Meeting Agendas Appendix C: Glossary Appendix D: Examples of Federal Entities Involved in Advancing Eye Health and Safety Appendix E: Examples of Recommended Eye Protection for Recreational Sports Appendix F: Eye and Vision Care Professionals and Education Appendix G: Medicaid Vision Coverage by State

Review of NASA's Evidence Reports on Human Health Risks 2014 Letter Report is the second in a series of five reports from the Institute of Medicine that will independently review more than 30 evidence reports that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has compiled on human health risks for long-duration and exploration space flights. This report builds on the 2008 IOM report Review of NASA's Human Research Program Evidence Books: A Letter Report, which provided an initial and brief review of the evidence reports. This letter report reviews seven evidence reports and examines the quality of the evidence, analysis, and overall construction of each report; identifies existing gaps in report content; and provides suggestions for additional sources of expert input. The report analyzes each evidence report's overall quality, which included readability; internal consistency; the source and breadth of cited evidence; identification of existing knowledge and research gaps; authorship expertise; and, if applicable, response to recommendations from the 2008 IOM letter report. Table of Contents Front Matter Review of NASA's Evidence Reports on Human Health Risks: 2014 Letter Report References Appendix A: Meeting Agendas Appendix B: Committee Biographical Sketches

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ Report Of The Publicity Committee On Work Done In Connection With The Flotation Of The First United States Government Liberty Loan Of 1917, Amounting To $2,000,000,000 Liberty loan committee. Second federal reserve district. Publicity committee History; Military; World War I; Business & Economics / Public Finance; Debts, Public; European war, 1914-1918; History / Military / World War I