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Today's manufacturing environment is characterised by significant
change in the way it is able to respond to its business objectives.
Companies now face new challenges to meet customer demands
including greater flexibility, a wider range of products, higher
quality, improved lead time, whilst maintaining _c.ompetitive
prices. The changes manifest in each company will differ but, the
trend is towards providing a leaner, more responsive organisation.
This is reflected in the need for Information Technology (IT)
systems to be more integrated across an enterprise and for the
systems to be provided on a distributed basis. At the same time it
is imperative that the costs associated with these IT systems and
the range of skills required by an enterprise to develop and
support such systems should be minimal. One way of achieving this
objective is to adopt the use of standards. During recent years
there has been a lot of activity to standardise the way that
manufacturing devices communicate with each other. Considerable
progress has been made, thanks not least to the success of the
international effort of stand ardisation bodies like ISO, IEEE and
IEC, and projects applying standardised protocols like
Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP), in the USA, Commun
ications Network for Manufacturing Applications (CNMA) in Europe
and not forgetting Mini-MAP and Fieldbus technology."
Within CIME environments, one continually comes across a multitude
of different working practices, network devices, information
systems and manufacturing technologies. This heterogeneous
environment extends to individual enterprises and can have profound
effects on the efficiency and effectiveness of an organisation, and
often results in symptoms such as: long product lead times, poor
visibility of the product and process status, high product
inventory and work-in progress, low data integrity, etc., as well
as incurring excessive infrastructure costs. Having to select an
appropriate information system to help achieve the business
objectives of anyone manufacturing enterprise can be an awesome
task. During the 1980s, vendor-independent communications such as
MAP (Manu facturing Automation Protocol) and CNMA (Communications
Network for Manufacturing Applications) brought standard, open
communications to computer controlled industrial devices, but this
alone was not enough to satisfy the more demanding requirements of
creating and maintaining manufacturing applications. In order to
create manufacturing solutions that effectively utilise Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) it is necessary to look beyond the
standard communications protocols to how and why applications are
developed."
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